深空探测火箭的发展及应用

阐述了国外深空探测火箭的种类、结构及技术性能，对其、发展现状及趋势进行了论述，并简要介绍了国内探测火箭的发展状况。     

轮控小行星探测器建模及跳跃移动仿真

小行星探测器在弱引力环境下无法采用传统的轮式机构进行移动。为解决该问题,采用反作用飞轮对探测器跳跃移动进行控制,并分析了该方案的可行性。根据Hertz碰撞定律及简化的Karnopp切向摩擦力模型,建立了探测器与地面的接触力模型。分析了轮控小行星探测器的起跳过程,给出了探测器静止起跳所需要的最小飞轮力矩关系。考虑到反作用飞轮存在惯性、粘滞、摩擦等情况,建立了轮控探测器的姿态动力学模型,并对探测器在均匀重力场下的连续跳跃过程进行了控制策略设计及仿真。结果表明:基于飞轮控制的小行星探测器跳跃移动在微重力环境下是可行的,且可以通过施加合适的控制力矩维持探测器跳跃的方向及跳跃过程的稳定性。     

基于空间环境下细胞预处理装置的研制

生物样品的分离纯化是生命科学研究中的重要环节。在常规地面分离方法中,往往用到离心、萃取等操作,然而在空间微重力条件下,常规的方法无法进行,需要采用特定的方法和技术进行研究。以实现空间环境下细胞内生物大分子的分离为目标,研制了一种可以自动化一体化的装置,其先对细胞样品进行清洗、裂解并释放内溶物,然后在超滤分离池中将生物大分子和小分子化合物进行分离。通过对分离获得的大分子物质如蛋白质的回收率来优化仪器装置的最佳运行条件。结果表明,所研制的装置通过泵在一定频率下的切换,可使裂解体系在膜上进行反复的往返振动,从而使裂解液与细胞进行充分的接触,有效提高了细胞裂解的程度,提高了大分子蛋白的回收率,并通过条件优化确定了装置的最佳运行条件。     

微重力条件下固液相变过程空穴移动特性研究

为了解微重力条件下固液相变传热过程中空穴的移动特性,建立了一种基于温度排序算法的空穴模型,研究了空穴在不同初始位置的移动过程。结果表明,不同初始位置的空穴均沿着热流的反方向移动,在相同热边界条件下空穴的最终位置与初始位置无关。     

Space Life Science of China in 2013

In the past two years, space life science research in China is characterized by a wide area of basic researches for providing foundation for the future China Space Station. The effect of microgravity and radiation was further studied from physiology phenomena to the level of bio-molecule mechanisms. Chinese space life science is maturing in a new era of comprehensive development. Here, we review and summarize researches on space life sciences which were contributed by Chinese scientists.      

Evaluation of upper body muscle activity during cardiopulmonary resuscitation performance in simulated microgravity

Performance of efficient single-person cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is vital to maintain cardiac and cerebral perfusion during the 2–4 min it takes for deployment of advanced life support during a space mission. The aim of the present study was to investigate potential differences in upper body muscle activity during CPR performance at terrestrial gravity (+1Gz) and in simulated microgravity (μG). Muscle activity of the triceps brachii, erector spinae, rectus abdominis and pectoralis major was measured via superficial electromyography in 20 healthy male volunteers. Four sets of 30 external chest compressions (ECCs) were performed on a mannequin. Microgravity was simulated using a body suspension device and harness; the Evetts–Russomano (ER) method was adopted for CPR performance in simulated microgravity. Heart rate and perceived exertion via Borg scores were also measured. While a significantly lower depth of ECCs was observed in simulated microgravity, compared with +1Gz, it was still within the target range of 40–50 mm. There was a 7.7% decrease of the mean (±SEM) ECC depth from 48 ± 0.3 mm at +1Gz, to 44.3 ± 0.5 mm during microgravity simulation (p < 0.001). No significant difference in number or rate of compressions was found between the two conditions. Heart rate displayed a significantly larger increase during CPR in simulated microgravity than at +1Gz, the former presenting a mean (±SEM) of 23.6 ± 2.91 bpm and the latter, 76.6 ± 3.8 bpm (p < 0.001). Borg scores were 70% higher post-microgravity compressions (17 ± 1) than post +1Gz compressions (10 ± 1) (p < 0.001). Intermuscular comparisons showed the triceps brachii to have significantly lower muscle activity than each of the other three tested muscles, in both +1Gz and microgravity. As shown by greater Borg scores and heart rate increases, CPR performance in simulated microgravity is more fatiguing than at +1Gz. Nevertheless, no significant difference in muscle activity between conditions was found, a result that is favourable for astronauts, given the inevitable muscular and cardiovascular deconditioning that occurs during space travel.     

用光学干涉方法对液相扩散传质过程的研究

液相中扩散传质过程研究无论对于基础理论还是生产实践都具有重要的意义。但在通常的重力环境中,传质过程不是单因素地由浓度梯度来决定,对流和沉降会对实验研究产生重要的干扰。通过光学干涉技术的应用,实现对于扩散过程中的传质系数进行测量,实验中采用Mach—Zehnder干涉仪对于整个传质过程进行监控并记录相关图像信息。这些图像信息是贯穿在整个实验过程中的连续录像,不同于其它实验记录的静态图像。通过计算这些随时间改变的干涉条纹的变化,就可以推导出传质系数的结果。实验液体选用水／葡萄糖溶液,之后还将进一步将该实验装置搭载TF-1火箭,进行微重力实验,以排除重力产生的影响。     

微重力板式贮箱推进剂重定位的数值仿真

板式表面张力贮箱内推进剂重定位对确定推进剂分布情况、研究晃动影响、提高控制精度等具有重要意义．为研究板式贮箱内推进剂重定位的规律,对微重力下板式贮箱内液体重定位问题进行数值仿真．计算时使用三维非定常两相流动流体（VOF）模型,对某一板式贮箱寿命末期在不同微重力加速度情况下各种重定位过程进行数值仿真,得到各种工况下重定位的全过程,以及定位后推进剂的分布情况．数值仿真结果为板式贮箱的设计提供有利依据．     

Simulated microgravity induce apoptosis and down-regulation of erythropoietin receptor of UT-7/EPO cells

Hematopoietic progenitor cell proliferation can be alternated on either spaceflight or under simulated microgravity experiments on the ground; however, the underlying mechanism remains largely unknown. In the present study, we have demonstrated that exposure of human erythropoietin (EPO)-dependent leukemia cell line UT-7/EPO cells to conditions of simulated microgravity with a rotary culture instrument significantly inhibited the cellular proliferation rate. Adding higher concentrations of EPO to the culture medium failed to improve the inhibitory status. Cell apoptosis was detected by fluorescence staining of cell nuclei and a flow cytometry assay using Annexin V/PI double staining. This microgravity-induced apoptosis in UT-7/EPO cells could be blocked by a pancaspase inhibitor Z-VAD-FMK. Immunoblotting demonstrated that rotary culture resulted in a reduction of the expression of Bcl-xL, an anti-apoptotic protein, and the cleavage of caspase-3. Furthermore, rotary culture reduced surface localization and protein content, as well as the mRNA expression of erythropoietin receptor (EPOR) of UT-7/EPO. Take together, the findings indicated that simulated microgravity may induce mitochondrial related apoptosis of UT-7/EPO cell through depressing the EPO–EPOR pathway.