Late stages of stellar evolution – Herschel’s contributions

Cool objects glow in the infrared. The gas and solid-state species that escape the stellar gravitational attraction of evolved late-type stars in the form of a stellar wind are cool, with temperatures typically ?1500 K, and can be ideally studied in the infrared. These stellar winds create huge extended circumstellar envelopes with extents approaching 10¹⁹${10}^{19}$ cm. In these envelopes, a complex kinematical, thermodynamical and chemical interplay determines the global and local structural parameters. Unraveling the wind acceleration mechanisms and deriving the complicated structure of the envelopes is important to understand the late stages of evolution of ∼97% of stars in galaxies as our own Milky Way. That way, we can also assess the significant chemical enrichment of the interstellar medium by the mass loss of these evolved stars. The Herschel Space Observatory is uniquely placed to study evolved stars thanks to the excellent capabilities of the three infrared and sub-millimeter instruments on board: PACS, SPIRE and HIFI. In this review, I give an overview of a few important results obtained during the first two years of Herschel observations in the field of evolved low and intermediate mass stars, and I will show how the Herschel observations can solve some historical questions on these late stages of stellar evolution, but also add some new ones.     

变角度铺丝构件内嵌缺陷精确定位算法

采用自动纤维铺放技术生产变角度铺丝构件时,在通过平移参考路径方法获得完整铺层过程中剪丝操作将导致构件中产生间隙、重叠形式的内嵌缺陷。将参考路径设计为更具通用性和设计自由度的B样条曲线。针对开边柱面铺丝构件,通过延长参考路径、丝束等距、丝带平移、丝束剪断、缺陷定位步骤,提出了不同剪断策略下的内嵌缺陷精确定位算法,该算法适用于任意覆盖参数。最后开发了相应Matlab程序验证算法的有效性,并可视化铺丝构件中内嵌缺陷的分布情况。结果表明算法可以精确确定不同覆盖参数下内嵌缺陷的位置,可为后续有限元精细模型建立提供理论依据。