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In this paper we review the current predictions of numerical simulations for the origin and observability of the warm hot
intergalactic medium (WHIM), the diffuse gas that contains up to 50 per cent of the baryons at z∼0. During structure formation, gravitational accretion shocks emerging from collapsing regions gradually heat the intergalactic
medium (IGM) to temperatures in the range T∼105–107 K. The WHIM is predicted to radiate most of its energy in the ultraviolet (UV) and X-ray bands and to contribute a significant
fraction of the soft X-ray background emission. While O vi and C iv absorption systems arising in the cooler fraction of the WHIM with T∼105–105.5 K are seen in FUSE and Hubble Space Telescope observations, models agree that current X-ray telescopes such as Chandra and XMM-Newton do not have enough sensitivity to detect the hotter WHIM. However, future missions such as Constellation-X and XEUS might be able to detect both emission lines and absorption systems from highly ionised atoms such as O vii, O viii and Fe xvii. 相似文献
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Stefano Bertone Christophe Le Poncin-Lafitte Pascal Rosenblatt Valéry Lainey Jean-Charles Marty Marie-Christine Angonin 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2018,61(1):89-96
Accurate tracking of probes is one of the key points of space exploration. Range and Doppler techniques are the most commonly used. In this paper we analyze the impact of the transponder delay, . the processing time between reception and re-emission of a two-way tracking link at the satellite, on tracking observables and on spacecraft orbits. We show that this term, only partially accounted for in the standard formulation of computed space observables, can actually be relevant for future missions with high nominal tracking accuracies or for the re-processing of old missions. We present several applications of our formulation to Earth flybys, the NASA GRAIL and the ESA BepiColombo missions. 相似文献
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