以色列研究推力-矢量系统

以色列的研究人员已成功地进行了波音727运输机遥控模型的初步试飞,该模型采用了用于飞行转弯机动的推力-矢量控制系统(TVC)。据以色列技术研究所的喷气实验室负责人本杰明·盖尔奥说,这种方案验证试飞验证了重量轻的TVC系统具有喷气运输机上常规飞行控制系统功能的潜力。以色列技术研究所拥有大量TVC模型经验,在各种飞行机动(包括起飞、过失速机动和高迎角着陆)情况下试飞过     

Research priorities and plans for the International Space Station-results of the 'REMAP' Task Force

Recent events in the International Space Station (ISS) Program have resulted in the necessity to re-examine the research priorities and research plans for future years. Due to both technical and fiscal resource constraints expected on the International Space Station, it is imperative that research priorities be carefully reviewed and clearly articulated. In consultation with OSTP and the Office of Management and budget (OMB), NASA's Office of Biological and Physical Research (OBPR) assembled an ad-hoc external advisory committee, the Biological and Physical Research Maximization and Prioritization (REMAP) Task Force. This paper describes the outcome of the Task Force and how it is being used to define a roadmap for near and long-term Biological and Physical Research objectives that supports NASA's Vision and Mission. Additionally, the paper discusses further prioritizations that were necessitated by budget and ISS resource constraints in order to maximize utilization of the International Space Station. Finally, a process has been developed to integrate the requirements for this prioritized research with other agency requirements to develop an integrated ISS assembly and utilization plan that maximizes scientific output.     

航天飞机的固体火箭发动机

本文介绍了航天飞机用的助推固体火箭发动机(SRM)。其类型分为三种:当前执行任务的标准SRM,空间飞行运输8号用的高性能SRM;以及计划在1985年飞行用的纤维缠绕壳体SRM。航天飞机的SRM是获得飞行状态中最大的固体推进剂发动机,其直径为146英寸,长度为125英尺,装有1111000磅固体推进剂,最大推力(真空条件下)为3115000磅力。在首次飞行前成功地进行了7次地面试车,随后的三次飞行试验满足了发动机的全部技术指标。计划提高航天飞机的性能,从东海岸发射的有效载荷达到65000磅,在西海岸发射时(极轨道)达到32000磅。航天飞机性能提高是由于:1.采用高性能的SRM使航天飞机的有效载荷增加3000磅。2.SRM使用纤维缠绕壳体结构使航天飞机的有效载荷增加6000磅。前者靠改变SRM的推力——时间曲线和提高喷管的膨胀比来实现;后者靠减少壳体的消极重量来实现。     

MX导弹第二级发动机

引言MX导弹第二级发动机用来提供飞行第二阶段的动力,以及飞行第一阶段和第二阶段的滚转控制力矩。MX导弹第二级发动机的直径为92英寸(2337毫米),长220.4英寸(5598毫米),毛重60234磅(27322公斤),其基本结构如图1所示。经过16个月的系统论证(SD)和头4个月的全尺寸工程研制(FSED),第二级发动机业已进行了优化,以便满足系统要     

The European Astronaut Centre prepares for International Space Station operations

The European Space Agency (ESA) contribution to the International Space Station (ISS) goes much beyond the delivery of hardware like the Columbus Laboratory, its payloads and the Automated Transfer Vehicles. ESA Astronauts will be members of the ISS crew. ESA, according to its commitments as ISS international partner, will be responsible to provide training on its elements and payloads to all ISS crewmembers and medical support for ESA astronauts. The European Astronaut Centre (EAC) in Cologne has developed over more than a decade into the centre of expertise for manned space activities within ESA by contributing to a number of important co-operative spaceflight missions. This role will be significantly extended for ISS manned operations. Apart from its support to ESA astronauts and their onboard operations, EAC will have a key role in training all ISS astronauts on ESA elements and payloads. The medical support of ISS crew, in particular of ESA astronauts has already started. This paper provides an overview on status and further plans in building up this homebase function for ESA astronauts and on the preparation towards Training Readiness for ISS crew training at EAC, Cologne. Copyright 2001 by the European Space Agency. Published by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc., with permission. Released to IAF/IAA/AIAA to publish in all forms.     

Function-morphological investigations of fish inner ear otoliths as basis for interpretation of human space sickness

In man, altered gravity may lead to a vestibular dysfunction causing space motion sickness. A hypothesis was developed, according to which asymmetric inner ear statoliths might be the morphological basis of space sickness. The animal model, fish, revealed further information: inner ear "stone" (otolith) growth is dependent on the amplitude and the direction of gravity, regulated by a negative feedback mechanism. The present study was focused on the question, where the regulation centre of adaptive otolith growth may be situated. Therefore, the vestibular nerve was unilaterally transected in neonate swordtail fish (Xiphophorus helleri). As growth marker, the calcium tracer alizarin-complexone was used. It was found that otolith growth had ceased on the operated head sides indicating that the brain is significantly involved in regulating otolith growth. About 2 weeks after nerve transection, otoliths had regained normal growth, probably due to nerve regeneration. Concerning fish, it has now to be tested, if this regeneration is affected by altered gravity, e.g. in a long-term experiment on the International Space Station. Regarding mammals, it has to be proved if asymmetric statoliths are the basis of kinetosis and whether or not the mammalian brain has an effect on statolith growth in the course of compensating altered gravity.     

一种用于火星研究的成像光谱仪

成像光谱仪在未来的一系列行星无人探测活动中将发挥重要作用。光谱成像技术的科学目的在于,通过测量行星表面物质反射和发射的可见光与红外辐射光谱特性的强度与分布来弄清行星的结构组成情况。作为美国国家航宇局主持制定的“行星探测仪器确定与开发计划”的一部分,美国喷气推进实验室目前正研制一种适于多种行星探测任务的标准成像光谱仪。在“伽利略号”探测木星时使用过的近红外成像光谱仪(NIMS)的基础上,美国喷气推进实验室又研制出了Ⅰ型可见光—红外成像光谱仪(VIMS)。这台仪器已为美国航宇局初步选中,用于最近批准将要实施的“火星观察者号”航天器的探测任务中。     

Changes in chromatin and nucleic acids in rat tissues after two-week spaceflight

The quantitative changes in nucleic acids and chromatin breakdown were followed in blood, thymus and spleen in rats after 14 day flights on board the biosatellites Cosmos-1887 and Cosmos-2044. Quantitative nucleic acid changes within 8-11 h after landing were only mild, most statistically non-significant. An analysis at 48 h after landing showed a marked decrease in a total content of DNA and RNA in spleen and thymus. Within 8-11 h after landing, the symptoms of chromatin breakdown were found as is seen in an increased concentration of its fragments-polydeoxyribonucleotides. The obtained results show that a partial adaptation to microgravity occurs up to flight day 14 in lymphoid organs. Adaptation is accompanied with a reappearing of the sensitive cells. Their chromatin breaks down, then, in a final phase of flight due to hypergravity stress manifesting itself by a temporary increase in polydeoxyribonucleotide concentration several hours after landing. The results are discussed in relation to the changes in chosen parameters after shorter or more prolonged flights.     

处理几何学在SAR原始数据聚焦中的作用

合成孔径雷达(SAR)系统要求对接收的回波信号(原始数据)进行聚焦处理以生成高分辨率微波图像。由于平台姿态的不稳定性，或者是由于地球自转效应都可能造成在“倾斜”的坐标系中获取SAR原始数据，即发射接收波束对于正测向存在偏向角。本研究报告利用以条带模式工作的SAR传感器所获得的斜视原始数据，分析了聚焦处理的效果。最后，关于圆锥形非正交参考系统，概括了二维频域SAR处理法。在根据要求选定的处理坐标系中，对由原始数据处理而来的图像，分析了几何、频谱、相位的误差。并证实所用聚焦处理使这些误差为最小值。依据仿真数据求得的实验结果证实了全部理论。而且，还研究了把这种分析推广到偏差具有显著作用的干涉测量的情况。