四旋翼倾转飞行器操纵冗余设计

建立了四旋翼倾转飞行器旋翼、机翼、机身的非线性气动模型和飞行动力学模型,并在Matlab/Simulink环境下搭建了仿真模型,根据仿真模型计算各个操纵面的操纵效率,确定了不同状态下各个通道需要用到的操纵方式,结合飞行动力学模型和操纵方式,在纵向通道上进行了全包线的配平计算,表明了操纵策略的可行性。     

Effect of bristle pack position on the rotordynamic characteristics of brush-labyrinth seals at various operating conditions

Over the last few decades, the research on the effect of bristle pack position on the rotordynamic characteristics of the brush-labyrinth seals is not sufficient. To this end, two kinds of brush-labyrinth seals for the bristle pack element installed upstream of the labyrinth teeth named BSU and installed downstream of the labyrinth teeth called BSD were used to investigate the effect of bristle pack position on the rotordynamic characteristics of the brush-labyrinth seals. Using the numerical model combining the porous medium model and the whirling rotor method, the rotordynamic characteristics of the BSU and BSD at various operating conditions including four kinds of pressure ratios, five kinds of inlet preswirl speeds and four kinds of rotor spinning speeds were conducted. The obtained results show that the effects of operating conditions on rotordynamic coefficients for the different seal configurations are different. The direct stiffness, cross-coupled stiffness and direct damping of the BSU are lower than those of the BSD. The rotordynamic coefficients of the BSU are more insensitive to the operating conditions variation. From the perspective of the seal stability, the BSU is a better brush-labyrinth seal configuration at high pressure ratio, high positive preswirl or high rotor spinning speed conditions. While in the case of low pressure ratio, low positive preswirl or low rotor spinning speed conditions, the BSD is a better choice.     

直升机后缘襟翼驱动器迟滞现象仿真与抑制

直升机后缘襟翼多采用压电驱动器作为驱动元件，但是在使用过程中压电驱动器迟滞会对其振动控制性能产生不利影响，因此针对压电驱动器迟滞开展了迟滞建模与抑制研究。通过实验研究了压电驱动器在不同驱动频率下的迟滞特性，采用Bouc-Wen模型对驱动器迟滞现象进行了建模，并采用粒子群算法（PSO）辨识模型参数，与实际测量迟滞曲线进行了对比，在10~60 Hz范围内所建立的迟滞模型能够较为精确地描述压电驱动器迟滞现象。建立了基于Bouc-Wen逆模型的前馈补偿控制与PID反馈控制相结合的复合控制策略，实验结果显示该控制策略能够在10~60 Hz较宽的频率范围内有效抑制该压电驱动器迟滞现象。建立了考虑驱动器迟滞的主动控制后缘襟翼振动控制动力学模型，并对中等速度稳态前飞条件下后缘襟翼振动控制性能进行了仿真，仿真结果显示驱动器迟滞会在一定程度上削弱振动控制性能，而采用复合控制可以提高后缘襟翼旋翼振动控制性能。     

多支点柔性转子系统临界转速稳健设计方法

基于响应面法和容差模型提出了定量考虑参数变差影响的转子系统临界转速稳健设计方法。该方法利用响应面模型获得多参数、多目标之间的函数关系,并以多阶临界转速分布为约束条件、以临界转速对支承刚度变差敏感度最低为设计目标。对小涵道比涡扇发动机低压转子系统临界转速稳健设计结果表明:在考虑各支点支承刚度变差情况下,采用多参数、多目标稳健设计方法,可保证多支点柔性转子系统的临界转速特性在满足设计要求的同时,转子系统临界转速对支承刚度变差的敏感度最低,验证了该方法的有效性。      

Heading control strategy assessment for coaxial compound helicopters

The coaxial compound helicopter has two possible strategies for heading control: collective differential and rudder deflection. A flight dynamics model is developed to assess the effect of different heading control strategies. This includes the trim characteristics, steady flight performance,controllability, and manoeuvrability. The trim study demonstrates that heading control strategies are less influential on trim results, and the steady flight performance is also not significantly affected by the heading control strategy adopted. The controllability analysis shows although heading bandwidth and phase delay results at various speeds with different heading control strategies are all satisfied, the control derivative of the collective differential decreases as speed increases, and its heading aggressive agility is degraded into Level 3 in high-speed flight. In addition, using collective differential would lead to severe heading-rolling coupling as forward speed increases. On the contrary, the control derivative and aggressive agility of the rudder deflection is improved with forward speed, and there is no evidence of heading-rolling coupling. Finally, the transient turn MissionTask-Element(MTE) is utilized to investigate the heading manoeuvre characteristics in different heading control strategies, which indicates that the collective differential would add the amplitude of control input and the power consumption during this MTE.     

Investigation on nonlinear lateral-torsional coupled vibration of a rotor system with substantial unbalance

Substantial unbalance may be caused by fan blade off during the operation period of gas turbine engines, and related dynamic problems are very critical to the safety design of rotor system in aero-engine. This article aims to understand lateral-torsional coupled vibration of the rotor system with substantial unbalance. The governing equation of a modified unbalanced rotor system is established based on Lagrangian approach. Then, a mathematical analytical method is proposed in which a linear approximation is derived and the Floquet theory and Hill’s method are incorporated, from which the modal characteristics of the unbalanced rotor are obtained. The modal characteristics of the unbalanced rotor system are revealed comprehensively for the first time. Furthermore, the relation between the modes and responses of the unbalanced rotor is discussed in detail. The results show that the lateral vibration and torsional vibration of the unbalanced rotor are coupled through the inertial terms in the governing equations. Due to the coupling, veering and lock-in phenomena occur between the frequencies of the forward whirl mode and the torsional mode. Furthermore, lock-in can lead to a kind of principal instability. With regard to the response of the unbalanced rotor, both natural vibration components and enforced vibration components appear in the lateral response, while only natural vibration components appear during torsional vibration. Moreover, natural vibration components play a crucial role in the response within the principal instability region and cause divergence of the vibration amplitudes in the lateral and torsional directions.     

基于合成射流的旋翼翼型动态失速控制研究

针对直升机旋翼工作环境下来流速度和迎角(Angle of attack,AoA)耦合引起的动态失速问题,建立了基于合成射流的旋翼动态失速控制的数值模拟方法。采用运动嵌套网格方法,通过对翼型的平移和旋转实现变来流速度-变迎角的耦合。以积分形式的雷诺平均N-S方程为主控方程,空间离散使用Roe格式,时间离散为隐式LU-SGS方法,以OA209翼型为研究对象,在翼型上表面放置合成射流激振器,开展了射流位置、动量系数、无量纲频率以及偏角等参数对轻度失速、深度失速下翼型动态失速控制的研究。研究发现,轻度失速下,射流位置靠近气流分离点时(20%c附近,c为翼型弦长),对逆压梯度引起的轻度失速控制效果最佳。深度失速下气流分离点虽在5%c之前,但射流位于前缘分离泡后端(10%c附近)时控制效果较好。大迎角需要较大的动量系数才能有效控制。射流频率对涡结构的尺寸和数量会产生一定影响,能改变气动特性波动幅度。较小的射流偏角对轻度失速的控制更有效,而深度失速则需要较大的偏角。     

用于BVI噪声试验的新型涡发生器设计与分析

针对直升机特有的旋翼桨/涡干扰(Blade vortex interaction,BVI)噪声计算精度低且试验数据缺乏问题,也为了开展旋翼气动噪声特性分离方法的验证试验研究,本文设计了一种能够用于BVI噪声试验的新型多段翼型组合式涡发生器。首先通过CATIA软件建立涡发生器出口端翼型段在不同迎角下的试验模型,再使用FLUENT软件建立涡发生器的流场仿真计算模型,比较分析了不同翼型段迎角下的涡流流场。随后用粒子图像测速法(Particle image velocimetry,PIV)技术系统测量了不同翼型段迎角、距离涡发生器出口端的长度及流速等参数变化下的涡流流场,对不同试验状态下的涡核、涡强等参数进行了对比分析。针对涡量偏弱的缺点,对传统单级涡发生器进行了改进,设计研发了双级涡发生段。试验证明其能产生更强且稳定的涡,为BVI噪声试验提供了模拟的桨尖涡,试验结果表明了涡发生器的有效性。     

针对旋翼流场模拟的自适应网格算法

针对基于格心格式求解器的旋翼流场模拟,提出了相应的自适应笛卡尔网格的数据存储结构及自适应算法。给出了相应的单元处理策略,简化了对自适应笛卡尔网格的处理;对于频繁的自适应加密过程中产生的大量重复点,采用了高效的交替数字树算法(Alternating digital tree,ADT)予以删除;对于自适应疏化过程中产生的大量无用点,提出了标记-删除-移动(Mark,delete,move,MDM)算法予以快速地删除,减少了不必要的计算资源消耗。对CaradonnaTung旋翼在不同悬停状态下进行了模拟验证,对比了压力分布系数与桨尖涡位置。之后对HELISHAPE 7A旋翼在前飞情况下进行了模拟验证,计算值与实验值吻合。此外,求解器对桨尖涡的捕捉效果得到了明显的提高,表明本文方法具有良好的有效性与鲁棒性。     

前缘缝翼构型平尾直升机气动特性分析

使用数值模拟方法研究了前缘缝翼翼型气动特性,并将该前缘缝翼翼型应用于直升机平尾,分析了该直升机全机气动特性,最后通过风洞试验对数值模拟结果进行验证。结果表明,前缘缝翼构型平尾能有效改善直升机的纵向静稳定性。