面向集中力扩散的回转曲面加筋拓扑优化方法

为了提高航天器回转曲面加筋型连接结构的集中力扩散效率，需要开展回转曲面加筋集中力扩散结构设计。传统放射肋设计方法普遍依赖设计经验、难以满足集中力高效扩散需求。因此，提出一种面向集中力扩散的回转曲面加筋拓扑优化方法。第1步，建立了一种基于各向异性过滤技术的集中力扩散拓扑优化方法，保证拓扑优化结果满足回转曲面加筋制造工艺要求；第2步，提出了一种基于网格变形技术的拓扑优化结果智能重构方法，可高效准确地对回转曲面加筋拓扑优化结果进行模型自动重构。基于所提出方法，以卫星平台对接环这种典型的回转曲面加筋壳为对象开展算例研究，并将优化结果与传统放射肋设计结果进行对比。结果表明，所提出的优化方法可得到加筋构型清晰、满足回转曲面加筋制造工艺要求的优化结果，且具有集中力扩散效率高、网格质量依赖性低、拓扑特征重构高效等优点。     

直线模拟加载系统的研究进展与发展趋势

直线模拟加载系统是一种用于在实验室条件下模拟承载对象工作时所受直线负载力的半实物仿真系统，可用于模拟各类飞行器关键部件在工作过程中所受的气体阻力载荷。针对目前常用的机械式、电液式和电动式直线模拟加载系统，分析其基本加载原理和研究进展，结合自行研制的电动式直线模拟加载系统进行了深入探讨。针对多余力抑制方法的关键问题，详细论述了直线负载模拟器的结构补偿方法和控制策略。最后，展望了直线模拟加载系统的发展趋势，归纳了电动式直线模拟加载系统的高精度、大载荷发展方向。     

Experimental and numerical investigation on surface quality for two-point incremental sheet forming with interpolator

The unsatisfied surface quality seriously impedes the wide application of incremental sheet forming (ISF) in industrial field. As a novel approach, the interpolator method is a promising strategy to enhance the surface quality in ISF. However, the mechanism for the improvement of surface quality and the influence of interpolator properties on surface roughness are not well understood. In this paper, the influences of process variables (i.e. tool diameter, step size and thickness of interpolators) on the forming process (e.g. surface roughness, forming force and geometric error) are investigated through a systematic experimental approach of central composite design (CCD) in two-point incremental sheet forming (TPIF). It is obtained that the increase in thickness of interpolators decreases the surface roughness in direction vertical to the tool path while increases the surface roughness in direction horizontal to the tool path. Nevertheless, the combined influence between thickness of interpolators and process parameters (tool diameter and step size) is limited. Meanwhile, the placement of interpolator has little influence on the effective forming force of blank. In addition, the geometric error enlarges with the increase of step size and thickness of interpolator while decreases firstly and then increase with an increase in tool diameter. Finally, the influencing mechanism of the interpolator method on surface quality can be attributed to the decrease of the contact pressure due to the increase of contact area with the unchanged contact force. Meanwhile, the interpolator method eliminates the sliding friction on the surface of blank due to the stable relative position between the blank and the interpolator.     

蜻蜓起飞过程飞行特征实验

针对蜻蜓自由起飞过程和准自由起飞过程进行实验观测,采用两个光轴相互垂直的高速摄像机进行拍摄,通过特征点匹配和三维重构方法准确地捕捉了两种起飞过程中蜻蜓身体和翅膀的运动参数,并进行运动特征分析与对比。实验结果表明:蜻蜓在自由起飞过程中采用同步振翅,离地后逐步转换成异步振翅(约110°),最大瞬时竖直加速度可以达到20m/s2;在准自由起飞过程中采用异步振翅(相位差180°),之后相位差逐步降低,最大瞬时竖直加速度为12m/s2;此外发现同步振翅、大攻角下拍及大拍动角有利于升力的产生。      

插入式机翼下壁板对接附加弯矩研究

插入式机翼下壁板对接具有双剪传力稳定、疲劳性能好的优点，但其结构中心线在对接区变化明显，会带来附加弯矩。为尽量减小对接区的附加弯矩，提出了在建立飞机骨架模型时即优化中央翼下翼面外形面相对外翼下翼面的位置方法。基于插入式机翼下壁板对接结构的特点，阐述了对接结构偏心的来源和附加弯矩的形成；针对某A型飞机的对接结构计算了偏心值，并利用力法对附加弯矩在对接区的分布进行了计算分析。以某A型飞机的对接结构为基础，建立了4组插入式下壁板对接结构的模型，每组模型的中央翼下翼面位置相对外翼的不同；分别用力法和有限元法对附加弯矩进行了计算。结果表明：可以通过优化中央翼下翼面外形面的相对位置达到减小对接区附加弯矩的目的。描述了另外两种下壁板对接形式的附加弯矩情况，并和插入式的进行了简单比较。最后，总结了为减小区域附加弯矩及其不利影响在对接结构设计上需要注意的点。     

Generalized Kutta–Joukowski theorem for multi-vortex and multi-airfoil flow with vortex production——A general model

By using a special momentum approach and with the help of interchange between singularity velocity and induced flow velocity, we derive in a physical way explicit force formulas for twodimensional inviscid flow involving multiple bound and free vortices, multiple airfoils, and vortex production. These force formulas hold individually for each airfoil thus allowing for force decomposition, and the contributions to forces from singularities(such as bound and image vortices,sources, and doublets) and bodies out of an airfoil are related to their induced velocities at the locations of singularities inside this airfoil. The force contribution due to vortex production is related to the vortex production rate and the distance between each pair of vortices in production, thus frameindependent. The formulas are validated against a number of standard problems. These force formulas, which generalize the classic Kutta–Joukowski theorem(for a single bound vortex) and the recent generalized Lagally theorem(for problems without a bound vortex and vortex production) to more general cases, can be used to identify or understand the roles of outside vortices and bodies on the forces of the actual body, optimize arrangement of outside vortices and bodies for force enhancement or reduction, and derive analytical force formulas once the flow field is given or known.     

Dynamics and control of spacecraft hovering using the geomagnetic Lorentz force

To achieve hovering, a spacecraft thrusts continuously to induce an equilibrium state at a desired position. Due to the constraints on the quantity of propellant onboard, long-time hovering around low-Earth orbits (LEO) is hardly achievable using traditional chemical propulsion. The Lorentz force, acting on an electrostatically charged spacecraft as it moves through a planetary magnetic field, provides a new propellantless method for orbital maneuvers. This paper investigates the feasibility of using the induced Lorentz force as an auxiliary means of propulsion for spacecraft hovering. Assuming that the Earth’s magnetic field is a dipole that rotates with the Earth, a dynamical model that characterizes the relative motion of Lorentz spacecraft is derived to analyze the required open-loop control acceleration for hovering. Based on this dynamical model, we first present the hovering configurations that could achieve propellantless hovering and the corresponding required specific charge of a Lorentz spacecraft. For other configurations, optimal open-loop control laws that minimize the control energy consumption are designed. Likewise, the optimal trajectories of required specific charge and control acceleration are both presented. The effect of orbital inclination on the expenditure of control energy is also analyzed. Further, we also develop a closed-loop control approach for propellantless hovering. Numerical results prove the validity of proposed control methods for hovering and show that hovering around low-Earth orbits would be achievable if the required specific charge of a Lorentz spacecraft becomes feasible in the future. Typically, hovering radially several kilometers above a target in LEO requires specific charges on the order of 0.1 C/kg.     

直升机抛射物体平衡及稳定性分析

基于部件级建模理论建立了建立直升机-外挂装置系统六自由度飞行动力学模型。对所建模型进行了配平计算，与参考数据进行了对比。计算分析了不同速度下采用不同方式抛射物体时直升机的稳定性。结果表明，单侧抛射由于反冲力不对称，抛射物体对于直升机的滚转角和横向周期变距有显著的影响；随飞行速度增大，抛射物体对于直升机横向荷兰滚模态稳定性影响增大，当前飞速度达到50m/s以上时，荷兰滚模态演变为两个发散的非周期模态，稳定性明显变差，直升机应在较低速度下抛射物体。      

基于测试数据的卡箍非线性等效建模方法

为了快速准确地计算卡箍管路系统的振动响应，提出了基于测试数据的卡箍非线性等效建模方法。对卡箍直管系统进行低幅值激励的模态测试，利用试验数据对有限元模型进行修正，识别卡箍线性刚度、线性阻尼参数。对卡箍直管系统开展不同激励水平下的恒力测试，通过样条插值多项式法将恒力频响函数转换为恒位移、恒速度频响函数，并进一步识别卡箍非线性等效刚度、非线性等效阻尼，建立了考虑卡箍非线性的等效动力学模型。研究表明:该卡箍等效动力学模型的预测频响函数与试验频响函数的最大误差仅为-6.9%，可以有效地反映卡箍实际的刚度、阻尼特性，对解决卡箍管路系统的振动响应分析具有重要的指导意义。      

复合材料层合板单搭接机械连接横向力研究

在复合材料单搭接连接结构中,由于载荷的偏心作用,在搭接处产生沿板厚度方向的横向力,使得接头产生横向位移并使螺栓偏转。采用试验及有限元方法对复合材料双钉单搭接机械连接中螺栓、螺母在静载荷作用下的应力进行研究,并进行结果分析。结果表明:单搭接中偏心矩在螺栓上的螺纹位置产生较大的应力,使螺栓发生断裂破坏;在螺母中产生较大的弯曲应力,使螺母发生破坏;在连接区两端对层合板施加横向约束能够有效降低螺栓、螺母中的应力幅值;计算结果与试验破坏模式吻合。