燃油离心泵多目标优化设计及仿真分析

针对燃油离心泵高效、高抗汽蚀优化设计问题,进行了基于损失模型和SQP算法下的多目标优化设计并进行了仿真应用。首先,考虑叶轮、蜗壳等通流部件内的水利损失、容积损失以及机械损失,建立表征离心泵效率的综合损失模型；结合基于必须汽蚀余量计算下的汽蚀表征函数以确定离心泵多目标函数。进而,利用SQP算法构造合理的适应度函数,结合约束条件确定离心泵多目标优化设计的数学模型。其次,对某型燃油离心泵进行基于SQP算法的优化设计并与其他常用优化算法进行对比。可以看到：各优化算法的最优结果几乎相似,但SQP算法对多维非线性方程组优化求解所用的迭代步数相对较少。最后,利用CFD技术进行仿真及外特性预测,以验证基于SQP算法下燃油离心泵多目标优化设计的有效性。结果表明：相比传统方法设计的原型离心泵,基于SQP算法优化的离心泵内流场压力分布相对均匀,流动损失更低,且进口流动有利于抗汽蚀性能；从外特性结果来看,基于SQP算法优化的离心泵高效工作区域相对宽广,必须汽蚀余量相对较低,抗汽蚀性能有所改善。     

高温铝合金电磁超声检测回波特性及因素分析

针对高温铝合金在线检测条件下，温度对铝合金电磁超声检测回波特性的影响规律尚不明确、高温检测时缺陷定量/定位补偿困难这一难题，以螺旋线圈电磁超声换能器（EMAT）为例，建立了高温铝合金EMAT检测过程的场路耦合有限元模型；研究了温度对EMAT激励/接收换能效率、EMAT激励/接收电路的功率分配特性、超声传播过程中的扩散/介质衰减特性、回波幅值和超声声速等因素的影响规律；研制了耐高温EMAT探头，对20~500℃高温铝合金试样进行了检测实验，并测定了高温铝合金的超声介质衰减系数和超声声速。在仿真和实验相结合的基础上，分析了高温检测时超声回波幅值变化特性及其影响因素。结果表明：对于铝合金这类非铁磁性金属材料，导致高温时超声回波幅值下降的主要原因是超声介质衰减系数随着温度的升高而增大，其次为高温时EMAT激励/接收电路的功率分配特性的改变。在激励EMAT在试样表面形成的洛伦兹力不变的条件下，其所激励的超声波回波幅值具有随着温度的增加而增加的特点，可以有效减缓超声回波幅值下降的趋势。     

叶顶压力侧小翼对跨声速涡轮级气动性能影响的数值研究

为了研究涡轮叶顶间隙泄漏流动有效控制的方式，本文将肋条小翼结构这种被动流动控制技术应用于涡轮级动叶叶顶中，以控制跨声速涡轮级叶顶间隙泄漏流动并改善其气动性能。通过数值模拟方法，分析了采用平顶方案、肋条方案和小翼肋条方案的涡轮级气动性能和叶顶间隙流动特性，研究了变间隙条件下小翼肋条方案对间隙泄漏流的控制效果，深入探讨小翼最大偏置距离和外倾角对小翼控制效果的影响。结果表明：所采用的肋条小翼结构能够有效地控制叶顶间隙泄漏流动并提高涡轮级的效率；在间隙高度为1mm时，涡轮级效率的提升达到0.51%，叶顶间隙泄漏流率下降48.6%；此外，随着小翼外倾角的增加，涡轮级效率逐渐增加并存在一个最佳的向外偏置距离为1.2mm。     

Effect of protrusion amount on gas ingestion of radial rim seal

In this paper, the effect of different amount of protrusion on various parameters in rotor–stator system was experimentally studied by measuring CO₂ concentration and pressure, in order to obtain the optimal protrusion amount. The parameters of different dimensionless sealing flow were measured under the condition that the annulus Reynolds number was 4.39 × 10⁵ and the rotating Reynolds number was 1.05 × 10⁶. The results show that the change of the amount of protrusions has little effect on the static pressure in the cavity, and the static pressure change near the sealing ring is almost negligible. But the total pressure and sealing efficiency increase first and then decrease with the increase of the amount of protrusion. The variation of power consumption is the same. A complex vortex structure will appear at the high radius region when the protrusion is installed. On the other hand, the protrusion can effectively reduce the minimum sealing flow of the rotor–stator cavity. Furthermore, considering the sealing efficiency and power consumption, the best range of the protrusion amount is about 36. The ratio near this range can optimally balance the alleviation of the gas ingestion and the reduction of the power consumption.     

Flow mechanism between purge flow and mainstream in different turbine rim seal configurations

The rim seal is used to prevent mainstream ingestion to the gap between the vane of a turbine and its blade. In this article, the dolphin lip with a hook configuration and a large seal cavity with hook structures are designed based on the high-pressure turbine datum single shark lip rim seal configuration. The sealing effect and parameters of the flow field are measured by an experiment method and a numerical simulation is used to explain the mechanism. For three configurations, the effect of the leakage slot vortex on the efficiency of the seal and the influence of leakage vortex, generated by the interaction between purge flow and mainstream flow, are discussed in depth. The result shows that the reverse vortex formed by the dolphin lip rim seal with hook structure will increase the sealing efficiency. The seal configuration with a large cavity improves sealing efficiency to a greater extent than the datum structure. At different purge flow rates and with unequal seal structures, the purge flow produces three types of leakage vortices in the passage. Besides, the seal configuration with dolphin lip produces a Kelvin-Helmholtz instability at the interface of the purge and the mainstream flows at a low purge flow rate to induce new leakage vortex branches in the passage of the blade.     

Aerodynamic performance enhancement for flapping airfoils by co-flow jet

Introducing active flow control into the design of flapping wing is an effective way to enhance its aerodynamic performance. In this paper, a novel active flow control technology called Co-Flow Jet (CFJ) is applied to flapping airfoils. The effect of CFJ on aerodynamic performance of flapping airfoils at low Reynolds number is numerically investigated using Unsteady Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (URANS) simulation with Spalart-Allmaras (SA) turbulence model. Numerical methods are validated by a NACA6415-based CFJ airfoil case and a S809 pitching airfoil case. Then NACA6415 baseline airfoil and NACA6415-based CFJ airfoil with jet-off and jet-on are simulated in flapping motion, with Reynolds number 70,000 and reduced frequency 0.2. As a result, CFJ airfoils with jet-on generally have better lift and thrust characteristics than baseline airfoils and jet-off airfoil when C_μ is greater than 0.04, which results from the CFJ effect of reducing flow separation by injecting high-energy fluid into boundary layer. Besides, typical kinematic and geometric parameters, including the reduced frequency and the positions of the suction and injection slot, are systematically studied to figure out their influence on aerodynamic performance of the CFJ airfoil. And a variable C_μ jet control strategy is proposed to further improve effective propulsive efficiency. Compared with using constant C_μ, an increase of effective propulsive efficiency by 22.6% has been achieved by using prescribed variable C_μ for NACA6415-based CFJ airfoil at frequency 0.2. This study may provide some guidance to performance enhancement for Flapping wing Micro Air Vehicles (FMAV).     

等离子体助燃下超燃支板燃烧室燃烧特性数值研究

为了将支板喷注器与等离子体射流这两种促进超声速燃烧室燃烧的方式结合起来,设计了一种带有等离子体射流喷孔的支板燃烧室,并在超声速来流的条件下,针对燃料喷注总压、燃料喷注位置、等离子体射流介质、等离子体射流总压对燃烧室燃烧性能的影响进行了三维数值模拟。研究发现:增大燃料的喷注总压,燃烧室的燃烧范围明显增大,燃烧效率呈现出先增大后减小的趋势,在燃料喷注总压为2.0MPa时,燃烧效率达到最大值90.4%;不同的燃料喷注位置对燃烧室的燃烧范围影响较小;等离子体射流介质为O2时,燃烧效率最高,燃烧范围最广;提高等离子体射流的喷注总压,能够提升凹腔剪切层高度,有效促进燃烧,但同时也带来了更高的总压损失。     

小功率氮电弧推力器的性能

采用自然辐射冷却结构的小功率电弧推力器,实现了以氮气为推进剂的长时间稳定运行。采用间接测力方法得到推力,利用铜镜反射法拍摄喉道处的放电状态,结合测量的弧电压、弧电流和气流量数据以及导出的比冲和推力效率,对推力器运行性能和放电特性进行了研究。结果显示:在气流量为100~700mL/min,输入功率为35~55W的条件下,最大推力约为24mN,最大比冲接近175s,当弧电流为80~120mA范围内变化时,弧电压变化范围为420~520V,并且弧电压随气流量的增加呈现出先下降后上升的趋势。      

纵向波纹隔热屏气膜冷却特性实验

针对加力燃烧室纵向波纹隔热屏气膜冷却效果开展了细致的实验研究,利用红外热像仪测量了隔热屏壁面的温度分布,分析了隔热屏板型、吹风比、开孔率等参数对气膜冷却效率的影响。实验中板型选取了平板和纵向波纹隔热屏,吹风比变化范围是0.5~3.0,开孔率变化范围是1.4%~3.7%。结果表明:相比于平板隔热屏的气膜冷却效率沿程逐渐增加,纵向波纹隔热屏的气膜冷却效率随波纹板的起伏而起伏且大于平板隔热屏;随着吹风比的增加气膜冷却效率逐渐加大,在吹风比为3.0时达到最大值;气膜冷却效率在波峰处低,波谷处高,整体上随波纹板的起伏而波动,吹风比越小,气膜冷却效率随波纹板的起伏变化越明显;高吹风比(吹风比为2.0~3.0)下,气膜冷却效率沿程变化与增幅较为缓慢;整体上,随着开孔率的增加气膜冷却效率逐渐加大,小开孔率(开孔率为1.4%、2.7%)下的气膜冷却效率相差不大,但在次流背风侧,开孔率小的气膜冷却效率要小于开孔率大的气膜冷却效率。      

新型主减隔振装置隔振性能测试试验研究

为解决新研全尺寸主减隔振装置地面性能试验中由于试验件尺寸大、重量重和试验状态多等难点,同时缩短试验周期并降低试验成本,提出了一种通过实测动载荷传递率评估主减隔振装置隔振性能的地面性能试验方法,给出了试验方案、试验夹具安装、试验内容以及过程。通过理论分析和试验结果,验证了实测动载荷传递率试验方案的可行性,测试结果真实可靠,为后续类似的系统级全尺寸隔振性能试验提供了一种新的试验方法。试验结果表明:新型主减隔振装置对垂向、航向和侧向三向激励的隔振效率均超过了80%,达到了预期的减振效果。