Triton, Pluto, Centaurs, and Trans-Neptunian Bodies

The diverse populations of icy bodies of the outer Solar System (OSS) give critical information on the composition and structure of the solar nebula and the early phases of planet formation. The two principal repositories of icy bodies are the Kuiper belt or disk, and the Oort Cloud, both of which are the source regions of the comets. Nearly 1000 individual Kuiper belt objects have been discovered; their dynamical distribution is a clue to the early outward migration and gravitational scattering power of Neptune. Pluto is perhaps the largest Kuiper belt object. Pluto is distinguished by its large satellite, a variable atmosphere, and a surface composed of several ices and probable organic solid materials that give it color. Triton is probably a former member of the Kuiper belt population, suggested by its retrograde orbit as a satellite of Neptune. Like Pluto, Triton has a variable atmosphere, compositionally diverse icy surface, and an organic atmospheric haze. Centaur objects appear to come from the Kuiper belt and occupy temporary orbits in the planetary zone; the compositional similarity of one well studied Centaur (5145 Pholus) to comets is notable. New discoveries continue apace, as observational surveys reveal new objects and refined observing techniques yield more physical information about specific bodies.     

“新视野号”探测冥王星及柯伊伯带综述

迄今为止飞得最快的航天器、人类发射的第一个冥王星探测器——"新视野号",经过约9年的行星际旅行,于2015年1月15日抵达距地球约47亿千米的冥王星附近,开始探测冥王星、冥卫、以及它们所处的柯伊柏带其他天体。柯伊柏带是1992年才发现的太阳系新大陆,虽然冥王星已被重新定义为矮行星,却从一颗颇具争议的行星成为数千颗冰冻小天体的"领头羊"。本文介绍了"新视野号"的科学目标和有效载荷,分析了"新视野号"采用的探测器长期休眠、木星借力、太空核能等关键技术,探讨了冥王星和柯伊柏带探测的意义。作为太阳系的冷库,柯伊伯带天体保留着太阳系形成时的原始状态,对它的探测,有助于揭示太阳系行星形成时的关键环节。"新视野号"也可能发现新的太阳系行星,其成果将有助于我们更深入地认识太阳系。