Physiologic and metabolic responses of wheat seedlings to elevated and super-elevated carbon dioxide

The metabolic consequence of suboptimal (400 μmol mol⁻¹ or ppm), near-optimal (1500 ppm) and supra-optimal (10,000 ppm) atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations [CO₂] was investigated in an attempt to reveal plausible underlying mechanisms for the differential physiological and developmental responses to increasing [CO₂]. Both non-targeted and targeted metabolite profiling by GC–MS and LC–MS were employed to examine primary and secondary metabolites in wheat (Triticum aestivum, cv Yocoro rojo) continuously exposed to these [CO₂] levels for 14, 21 and 28 days. Metabolite profile was altered by both [CO₂] and physiological age. In general, plants grown under high [CO₂] exhibited a metabolite profile characteristic of older plants under ambient CO₂. Elevated [CO₂] resulted in higher levels of phosphorylated sugar intermediates, though no clear trend in the content of reducing sugars was observed. Transient starch content was enhanced by increasing [CO₂] to a much greater extent at 10,000 ppm CO₂ than at 1500 ppm CO₂. The percentage increase of starch content resulting from CO₂ enrichment declined as plants develope. In contrast, elevated [CO₂] promoted the accumulation of secondary metabolites (flavonoids) progressively to a greater extent as plants became mature. Elevated [CO₂] to 1500 ppm induced a higher initial growth rate, while super-elevated [CO₂] appeared to negate such initial growth promotion. However, after 4 weeks, there was no difference in vegetative growth between 1500 and 10,000 ppm CO₂-grown plants, both elevated CO₂ levels resulted in an overall 25% increase in biomass over the control plants. More interestingly, elevated atmospheric [CO₂] reduced evapotranspiration rate (ET), but further increase to the supra-optimal level resulted in increased ET (a reversed trend), i.e. ET at 1500 ppm < ET at 10,000 ppm < ET at 400 ppm. The differential effect of elevated and super-elevated CO₂ on plants was further reflected in the nitrogen dynamics. These results provide the potential metabolic basis for the differential productivity and stomatal function of plants grown under elevated and super-elevated CO₂ levels.     

工业 S型热电偶1100℃以上温度点校准方法

越来越多的单位要求对工业S型热电偶1100℃以上温度点进行校准，但目前没有任何技术规范可供参考。本文就这一需求提供了三种解决方案，并对这三个方案的校准结果及不确定度进行对比分析，为计量机构根据客户的需求制定科学合理的校准方案提供参考。     

基于STM32和ET1100的无刷直流电机控制器设计

利用STM32的控制性能和丰富外设，采用模块化方法设计了一款基于STM32ZET6单片机和ET1100专用以太网芯片的、具有工业以太网功能的无刷直流电机控制器。在设计中,以STM32ZET6作为微处理器，采用了IR2136驱动芯片及ET1100工业以太网芯片，分别实现了对无刷直流电机的调速功能，以及对上位机的EtherCAT通信功能。针对传统设计中SPI串行接口未能充分发挥工业以太网的优越性能的问题，设计中利用STM32ZET6特有的FSMC机制实现了EtherCAT模块的并行接口设计，使系统的实时性能有了很大提升。该控制器设计成本低、集成度高、实时性强，特别适用于工业领域。