Influence of thickness and initial groove angle in M–K model on limit strain of 7B04 by considering through-thickness stress

Marciniack–Kuczinski (M–K) model is widely used to predict material’s forming limit curve (FLC). The prediction of FLC traditionally neglected through-thickness normal stress. However, it cannot be neglected in some forming processes. Much work has been done to study the effect of through-thickness normal stress on FLC with constant through-thickness normal stress or constant ratio of through-thickness normal stress and maximum principal stress. In addition, based on Nakazima test process, the ratio of through-thickness normal stress and maximum principal stress has been derived, which was a function of instantaneous thickness and loading path. Here, initial groove angle in M–K model was not considered. In this paper, uniaxial tension tests and Nakazima tests were performed on 7B04 aluminum alloy. Based on Hill 48 yield criterion and M–K model, the prediction model of FLC was established. The increase of thickness can enhance FLC. Meanwhile, it is necessary to consider through-thickness normal stress and initial groove angle in prediction model. On the left side of FLC, the effect of initial groove angle on FLC is weakened by increasing sheet thickness. On the right side of FLC, the effect of initial groove angle on FLC is strengthened by increasing sheet thickness. On the right side of FLC, the relation between limit strain points with different thicknesses is linear under one certain loading path. Thickness has decisive effect on through-thickness normal stress level and the changing trendy of through-thickness normal stress during calculation is different under different stress condition.     

An empirical solar radiation pressure model for satellites moving in the orbit-normal mode

We present a family of empirical solar radiation pressure (SRP) models suited for satellites orbiting the Earth in the orbit normal (ON) mode. The proposed ECOM-TB model describes the SRP accelerations in the so-called terminator coordinate system. The choice of the coordinate system and the SRP parametrization is based on theoretical assumptions and on simulation results with a QZS-1-like box-wing model, where the SRP accelerations acting on the solar panels and on the box are assessed separately. The new SRP model takes into account that in ON-mode the incident angle of the solar radiation on the solar panels is not constant like in the yaw-steering (YS) attitude mode. It depends on the elevation angle of the Sun above the satellite’s orbital plane. The resulting SRP vector acts, therefore, not only in the Sun-satellite direction, but has also a component normal to it. Both components are changing as a function of the incident angle. ECOM-TB has been used for precise orbit determination (POD) for QZS-1 and BeiDou2 (BDS2) satellites in medium (MEO) and inclined geosynchronous Earth orbits (IGSO) based on IGS MGEX data from 2014 and 2015. The resulting orbits have been validated with SLR, long-arc orbit fits, orbit misclosures, and by the satellite clock corrections based on the orbits. The validation results confirm that—compared to ECOM2—ECOM-TB significantly (factor 3–4) improves the POD of QZS-1 in ON-mode for orbits with different arc lengths (one, three, and five days). Moderate orbit improvements are achieved for BDS2 MEO satellites—especially if ECOM-TB is supported by pseudo-stochastic pulses (the model is then called ECOM-TBP). For BDS2 IGSOs, ECOM-TB with its 9 SRP parameters appears to be over-parameterized. For use with BDS2 IGSO spacecraft we therefore developed a minimized model version called ECOM-TBMP, which is based on the same axis decomposition as ECOM-TB, but has only 2 SRP parameters and is supported by pseudo-stochastic parameters, as well. This model shows a similar performance as ECOM-TB with short arcs, but an improved performance with (3-day) long-arcs. The new SRP models have been activated in CODE’s IGS MGEX solution in Summer 2018. Like the other ECOM models the ECOM-TB derivatives might be used together with an a priori model.     

Hypervelocity impact induced shock acoustic emission waves for quantitative damage evaluation using in situ miniaturized piezoelectric sensor network

Manmade debris and natural meteoroids, travelling in the Low Earth Orbit at a speed of several kilometers per second, pose a severe safety concern to the spacecraft in service through the HyperVelocity Impact(HVI). To address this issue, an investigation of shock Acoustic Emission(AE) waves induced by HVI to a downscaled two-layer Whipple shielding structure is performed,to realize a quantitative damage evaluation. Firstly a hybrid numerical model integrating smoothparticle hydrodynamics and finite element is built to obtain the wave response. The projectiles, with various impact velocities and directions, are modelled to impact the shielding structure with different thicknesses. Then experimental validation is carried out with built-in miniaturized piezoelectric sensors to in situ sense the HVI-induced AE waves. A quantitative agreement is obtained between numerical and experimental results, demonstrating the correctness of the hybrid model and facilitating the explanation of obtained AE signals in experiment. Based on the understanding of HVI-induced wave components, assessment of the damage severity, i.e., whether the outer shielding layer is perforated or not, is performed using the energy ratio between the regions of ‘‘high frequency" and ‘‘low frequency" in the acquired AE signals. Lastly, the direct-arrival fundamentalsymmetric wave mode is isolated from each sensing signal to be input into an enhanced delay-andsum algorithm, which visualizes HVI spots accurately and instantaneously with different sensor network configuration. All these works demonstrate the potential of quantitative, in situ, and real time HVI monitoring using miniaturized piezoelectric sensor network.     

Review and propositions for the sliding/impact wear behavior in a contact interface

A thermal-solid-liquid complex operational environment induces structural interface developing a typical coupling sliding/impact wear behavior. It results in contact damage until systems fail, which may cause significant economic losses and catastrophic consequences. The key point of solving this problem is to reveal the coupling damage mechanism of the sliding/impact behavior in typical systems and life characterization under a complicate evolving environment. This has been a hot topic in the area of mechanical reliability. The main work in this paper can be concluded as follows. Firstly, the main industries in which the “sliding/impact behavior” takes place have been introduced. Then, existing studies on the wear mechanism and degree analysis are presented, which includes surface morphology analysis, wear debris analysis, and wear degree measurement. Meanwhile, existing problems in theoretical modeling and experiments in current research are summarized, so as to point out a bright direction for future research on wear prediction. They include interface contact modeling, mathematic coupling mechanism modeling, wear equation establishment, and wear life characterization, which can provide some new ideas for improving the existing studies on the sliding/impact wear behavior.     

FOD缺口型损伤对TC4疲劳极限强度的影响

针对TC4钛合金风扇/压气机叶片前缘常遭受的外物损伤(FOD)缺口型损伤,进行了不同冲击角度下高速弹道冲击试验研究、损伤特征与应力集中分析,开展了冲击后不处理和冲击后去残余应力退火试样的高循环疲劳试验和疲劳极限强度预测。结果表明:随着冲击角度的增大入射侧损伤尺寸和应力集中系数基本保持不变,出射侧缺口损伤深度和损伤长度减小。损伤深度范围为0.6~1.5mm,应力集中系数范围为2.6~3.4。缺口型损伤试样的疲劳极限强度下降为光滑试样的27%~53%,与应力集中系数并不是呈反比关系。退火试样的高循环疲劳(HCF)性能或略微下降或基本不变,表明残余应力影响较小,残余应力对疲劳极限强度的影响程度不足光滑试样的10%。缺口型损伤试样的HCF性能与损伤底部半径的相关性不明显,随着最大损伤深度和损伤长度的增加而下降,表明制定维修手册时应着重考虑缺口型损伤的最大深度和损伤长度。Peterson经验公式对HCF性能的预测精度不理想,误差最大为45%,需要发展高精度的FOD缺口型损伤构件HCF性能预测方法。      

大型飞机机身垂直入水冲击特性数值研究

针对带有中央翼盒的某型飞机的机身,数值研究了不同入水速度、姿态角和尾翘角对入水过程中机身压强和冲击力的影响规律。数值模拟中,控制方程选为非定常可压缩流动的雷诺时均Navier-tokes方程(RANS)和实现的k-ε模型,使用体积分数(VOF)方法捕捉水气交界面的变化,采用整体动网格技术来模拟机身相对于水面的运动。结果分析表明:机身入水过程中压强峰值首先出现在喷溅根部,随后转移至机身底部;入水初期机身冲击力系数迅速增大,而后略有回落,入水后期由于中央翼盒冲击水面会导致冲击力系数再次迅速增大,而后小幅震荡。速度越大、姿态角越大、尾翘角越小,机身冲击力系数越小。     

不同密度弹丸对水冰的超高速撞击成坑实验

为了研究冰冻天体表面撞击坑的形成与演化，开展了水冰的超高速撞击成坑实验。使用二级轻气炮发射1.0 mm直径的球形弹丸，以3 km/s、5 km/s和7 km/s速度对圆柱状冰块进行撞击。弹丸材料包括聚碳酸酯和不锈钢两种，冰块温度为253 K。实验观察到了不同弹丸和不同速度条件下，冰块中撞击坑的形貌特征。对撞击坑直径、深度和剖面形状进行了测量，并与文献中铝弹丸对水冰的撞击坑进行了比较分析。获得了水冰撞击坑特征随撞击参数的变化规律，结果表明：撞击坑直径和深度的主导机制不同，坑深主要由弹丸侵彻作用形成，而坑径主要由冰块的剥落所致；坑深比坑径具有更强的对于弹丸密度的依赖性，高密度弹丸撞击坑直径具有比低密度弹丸更强的对于撞击速度的依赖性；撞击坑体积与撞击能量成正比，高密度弹丸形成的撞击坑直径表现出“能量缩比”行为，而低密度弹丸形成的撞击坑直径表现出“动量缩比”行为。     

数字全息测量超高速撞击碎片云实验研究

在中国空气动力研究与发展中心(CARDC)超高速碰撞中心(HIRC)7.6 mm超高速碰撞设备的基础上，搭建纳秒级脉冲激光数字全息系统。提出滤波片和衰减片组合布置，减弱超高速碰撞等离子体自发光、提高信噪比的方法。实验获得了2.25 mm铝球弹丸以4.0 km/s的速度撞击0.5 mm厚铝板形成碎片云的全息图。采用小波变换算法对碎片云全息图进行重建，得到超高速撞击碎片云的三维结构和碎片大小。碎片云的轮廓呈椭球型，分为碎片云的前端、核心和外壳，碎片主要分布在弹丸破碎形成的碎片云核心，存在大碎片，且分布较集中，对后板的损伤也严重     

非对称偏差下质量特性值分布评价

传统的统计过程控制以公差中心为基准研究质量问题,对基本尺寸未给予足够重视,导致公差为非对称偏差时产品质量测度方法缺乏完善性.对此,以基本尺寸为基准,对非对称偏差下基于正态分布和切段正态分布假设的产品质量水平进行了分析,运用Taguchi质量损失函数对两类分布下产品价值的期望进行比较.结果表明,质量特性值服从切段正态分布的产品质量水平较优,产品价值的期望较高.     

类蛛网状盘式谐振微陀螺的抗冲击性能与结构误差仿真分析

具有导航级潜能的盘式谐振微陀螺是国际研究最热门的一类微机械陀螺,在此基础上设计了一款频率裂解小的类蛛网状盘式谐振微陀螺。通过有限元仿真软件进行了模态分析和冲击分析,仿真结果表明类蛛网状盘式谐振微陀螺工作模态与寄生模态最小频差为3.9kHz,可承受的冲击载荷加速度高达25000g。此外,开展了晶向误差和工艺误差等结构误差对频率裂解影响的仿真研究,结果表明,其比圆环状盘式谐振陀螺在频率裂解上具有更低的结构误差敏感度。综上说明该结构能有效抑制寄生模态干扰、抗冲击性能强且结构误差鲁棒性好,具有较好的发展前景。