A novel architecture of electro-hydrostatic actuator with digital distribution

To address the flow imbalance rapidly of the asymmetric Electro-Hydrostatic Actuator (EHA), this paper presents a novel architecture of asymmetric EHA with the Digital Distribution (EHA-DD). It also improves the flow nonlinearity and control accuracy of the pump, especially in the low-speed condition. The digital distribution with two High-Speed on–off Valves (HSVs) not only balances flow instead of the check valves, but also replaces the pump at the low-speed to control output flow by adjusting the PWM signal. The pump and HSVs are the crucial components to control flow output. Firstly, the flow calculation models of the pump and the duty ratio inversed model of the HSV are obtained through experimental tests and the identification method. To get the control input signal for the required flow, the pump speed and PWM duty ratio for the HSVs are inversed to compensate for flow output. Further, a multimode digital flow distribution control method based on pump speed, mainly including the pump-controlled mode for large flow demand and valve-controlled mode for little flow demand, is proposed to control the accurate flow output actively. The step extension experiments based on the flow calculation models are conducted on the EHA-DD prototype under elastic, opposite varying load. The results demonstrate that the EHA-DD realizes little position error by accurate flow control, and it is also beneficial to improve the service life of the pump.     

天基轻气炮发射清除低轨碎片方案及关键技术分析

文章分析了现有的空间碎片清除方式,并以800~1200 km低地球轨道高度上1~10 cm量级的空间碎片为清除目标,提出了天基轻气炮清除碎片的新方法。首先分析了轻气炮有效载荷在典型参数下的弹丸加速能力;之后根据将碎片降轨使其坠入大气层烧毁的设想,提出天基轻气炮共面清除碎片的方式,并选择轨道高度800 km的圆轨道作为碎片运行轨道进行可行性分析。计算表明,对半径10 cm、厚度1 cm的铝合金圆板碎片(质量211.95 g),使用初速1 km/s、重10 g的黏性弹丸可按任务方案达到清除效果。此外,计算出该参数弹丸对轨道高度800~1200 km的圆轨道上可清除的最大碎片质量为500~825 g,证明轻气炮弹丸对1~10 cm的碎片具有较强的清除能力。最后,分析了以轻气炮为有效载荷的航天器在完成清除碎片任务时的关键技术。     

飞机液压系统柱塞泵热分析

随着飞机液压系统向高压化、大功率化方向发展，液压系统的发热及温升问题受到了广泛关注。柱塞泵作为液压系统中重要的能量转换装置，对液压系统的功率损失和温度有重大的影响，良好的柱塞泵的热分析对液压系统的热设计和温度控制有重要的意义。然而传统的柱塞泵热分析方法，如平均油温法、软件仿真法和热节点网络法，因不够准确、高效和简洁而不能满足现代飞机液压系统热分析和热设计的相关需求。本文针对飞机液压系统柱塞泵发热的相关问题，采用基于集总参数的热网络分析方法，建立了柱塞泵热网络模型，通过对柱塞泵不同工况下的仿真，验证了模型的有效性和准确性，为柱塞泵及液压系统的热分析提供了参考。     

Comparison of vertical E × B drift velocities and ground-based magnetometer observations of DELTA H in the low latitude under geomagnetically disturbed conditions

In the present work, we analyzed the daytime vertical E × B drift velocities obtained from Jicamarca Unattended Long-term Ionosphere Atmosphere (JULIA) radar and ΔH component of geomagnetic field measured as the difference between the magnitudes of the horizontal (H) components between two magnetometers deployed at two different locations Jicamarca, and Piura in Peru for 22 geomagnetically disturbed events in which either SC has occurred or Dst_max < ?50 nT during the period 2006–2011. The ΔH component of geomagnetic field is measured as the differences in the magnitudes of horizontal H component between magnetometer placed directly on the magnetic equator and one displaced 6–9° away. It will provide a direct measure of the daytime electrojet current, due to the eastward electric field. This will in turn gives the magnitude of vertical E × B drift velocity in the F region. A positive correlation exists between peak values of daytime vertical E × B drift velocity and peak value of ΔH for the three consecutive days of the events. It was observed that 45% of the events have daytime vertical E × B drift velocity peak in the magnitude range 10–20 m/s and 20–30 m/s and 20% have peak ΔH in the magnitude range 50–60 nT and 80–90 nT. It was observed that the time of occurrence of the peak value of both the vertical E × B drift velocity and the ΔH have a maximum (40%) probability in the same time range 11:00–13:00 LT. We also investigated the correlation between E × B drift velocity and D_st index and the correlation between delta H and D_st index. A strong positive correlation is found between E × B drift and D_st index as well as between delta H and D_st Index. Three different techniques of data analysis – linear, polynomial (order 2), and polynomial (order 3) regression analysis were considered. The regression parameters in all the three cases were calculated using the Least Square Method (LSM), using the daytime vertical E × B drift velocity and ΔH. A formula was developed which indicates the relationship between daytime vertical E × B drift velocity and ΔH, for the disturbed periods. The E × B drift velocity was then evaluated using the formulae thus found for the three regression analysis and validated for the ‘disturbed periods’ of 3 selected events. The E × B drift velocities estimated by the three regression analysis have a fairly good agreement with JULIA radar observed values under different seasons and solar activity conditions. Root Mean Square (RMS) errors calculated for each case suggest that polynomial (order 3) regression analysis provides a better agreement with the observations from among the three.     

Geometric error analysis of an over-constrained parallel tracking mechanism using the screw theory

This paper deals with geometric error modeling and sensitivity analysis of an overconstrained parallel tracking mechanism. The main contribution is the consideration of overconstrained features that are usually ignored in previous research. The reciprocal property between a motion and a force is applied to tackle this problem in the framework of the screw theory. First of all, a nominal kinematic model of the parallel tracking mechanism is formulated. On this basis, the actual twist of the moving platform is computed through the superposition of the joint twist and geometric errors. The actuation and constrained wrenches of each limb are applied to exclude the joint displacement. After eliminating repeated errors brought by the multiplication of wrenches, a geometric error model of the parallel tracking mechanism is built. Furthermore,two sensitivity indices are defined to select essential geometric errors for future kinematic calibration. Finally, the geometric error model with minimum geometric errors is verified by simulation with SolidWorks software. Two typical poses of the parallel tracking mechanism are selected, and the differences between simulation and calculation results are very small. The results confirm the correctness and accuracy of the geometric error modeling method for over-constrained parallel mechanisms.     

飞秒激光系统图像调焦装置以及方法

飞秒激光直写技术在复杂三维微结构加工领域具有显著优势，而调焦是否精准直接影响了所加工结构的完整度.提出了在光路中临时置入调焦光源和物的图像调焦技术，通过调节物的位置使其成像面与激光聚焦面一致，从而通过清晰可分辨的成像状态间接反映激光聚焦状态.利用Zemax软件模拟分析了原飞秒激光光路与加入调焦光源和物的调焦光路，二者可实现相同加工物镜后工作距离与良好成像质量，证明了该方法的可行性.通过分析得到该过程的成像误差主要由成像镜头焦深(3.9 μm)引起，我们获得的理想调焦精度可达到1/2焦深以内.设计了单层高度为5 μm的二层圆柱结构，通过多次实验验证了所加工元件高度误差在1.5 μm范围以内，与理论分析一致，满足飞秒激光系统的调焦要求.     

Alfvén gravity waves in viscous solar plasma: Effect of the background flow

We study the Propagation and damping properties of Alfvén gravity waves in the presence of the vertical magnetic field in the viscous solar plasma under influence of the background flow by deriving a fourth order dispersion relation in terms of the Doppler shifted frequency. We derive the dispersion relation under WKB and Boussinesq approximation. We study the damping of Alfvén gravity waves for the wave frequencies less than and greater than the Brunt-Väisälä frequency. We find that the Brunt-Väisälä frequency divides the frequency ranges where the weakly or strongly damped oscillations occur. The background flow exhibits a strong effect on weakly damped oscillations and a weak effect on the strongly damped oscillations. We also notice that the damping of both the strong and weakly damped oscillations depend on the Brunt-Väisälä frequency and wave number. The effect of the background flow is also being governed by the Brunt-Väisälä frequency and wave number. We also study the properties of gravity wave mode after filtering the Alfvén wave mode by minimizing the magnetic field and noticed that the background flow shows a very strong effect on the gravity wave mode.     

偏心撞击对撞击式喷嘴雾化特性的影响

为研究偏心撞击对撞击式喷嘴雾化特性的影响,建立了求解自燃推进剂冷态射流撞击雾化过程的数值模拟方案,计算了不同偏心度条件下的射流撞击雾化过程。采用树形自适应加密算法直接求解不可压Navier-Stokes方程组,由分段线性的流体体积(VOF)方法对流体界面进行捕捉。结果表明偏心撞击会导致雾场发生偏转,当无量纲偏心度E为1/8时,雾场偏转角度约为9.2°,应控制加工偏差小于该值。随着偏心度的增大,液膜的偏转角度增大,理论推导得到的液膜偏转角度要小于数值计算得到的液膜偏转角度。正心撞击时燃料与氧化剂流强峰值接近,雾场的流强分布呈单峰分布。当发生偏心撞击时,由于燃料与氧化剂部分射流未参与撞击导致流强峰值出现交错,雾场的流强分布呈双峰分布,混合比的空间分布发生较大改变。正心撞击时撞击点下游液滴的速度分布近似呈轴对称分布,而偏心撞击之后的速度分布则呈中心对称分布。偏心撞击导致的射流动量损失使得雾化性能变差,当无量纲偏心度E为1/8时,一甲基肼(MMH)的Sauter平均直径增大约4.8%,四氧化二氮(NTO)的Sauter平均直径增大约5.8%。      

基于新型丝状电极等离子体激励器的前体涡控制

本文首次将新型丝状暴露电极DBD等离子激励器应用于大迎角下细长体非对称涡控制。丝状暴露电极的材料的选择对DBD推力以及推力效率至关重要,通过地面精细推力测量对丝状暴露电极等离子体激励器进行了优化,结果表明,本文研究材料中采用钨丝作为暴露电极,其推力效率最优;且随着电极直径从d=0.3 mm减小到d=0.08 mm,DBD推力效率显著提升。基于优化后的DBD激励器,将其应用于前体非对称涡控制:未施加等离子体控制时,压力测量以及PIV结果均表明细长体背风区流场为明显的非对称涡结构;在等离子体激励下,该非对称涡结构可变为对称甚至反向非对称,且非稳态激励控制能力明显优于稳态激励。研究发现,大迎角下细长体非对称涡控制与背风区原始涡系结构有关,其中包含对称涡系和非对称涡系。本文研究为大迎角下细长体非对称涡控制提供了一种新思路,同时也为丝状暴露电极DBD等离子体激励器的应用提供参考。     

直升机新型旋翼翼型气动特性与布局分析

利用结构网格计算流体力学(Computational fluid dynamics ,CFD)的翼型气动特性分析方法开展旋翼翼型气动特性计算。通过RAE282，NACA0012，OA212，OA207等翼型压力分布、升力和阻力等特性计算结果与试验结果的对比分析，验证了计算方法的准确性，并进一步完成了HF系列旋翼翼型的气动特性计算。基于翼型的气动特性，采用时间步进自由尾迹的旋翼气动性能分析方法开展旋翼桨叶翼型的气动布局优化设计，对悬停和前飞条件下的旋翼开展计算分析，得到两种条件下的旋翼气动特性。而后通过本文建立的优化方法开展旋翼翼型布局优化设计。