Numerical investigation on flow nonuniformity-induced hysteresis in scramjet isolator

Numerical simulation and theoretical analysis were conducted to study the hysteresis inside scramjet isolator during the reciprocating process of back pressure variation. It is revealed that only a regular reflection is theoretically possible for two leading shocks when the inflow Mach number is greater than 2.0, and no hysteresis can occur in the transition between shock reflection types. Nevertheless, wall suction, gas injection, and background waves cause non-uniformity of the incoming flow and would make hysteresis possible. Besides the classical hysteresis in the transition between shock reflection, new kinds of hysteresis were found in both the deflection angle of separated boundary layer and the location of the shock train. Moreover, the occurrence of hysteresis in the deflection angle of the separated boundary layer is accompanied with the shock reflection hysteresis. In the case with background waves or gas injection, hysteresis in the starting position of leading shock was observed too. As back pressure decreases, the leading shock does not follow the same path as that as the back pressure increases, and it is anchored at the location where the background shock or the injection interacts with the leading shock. It is inferred that, if two strong adverse pressure gradient regions move towards and interact with each other, hysteresis will take place when they start to separate.     

一种冲击响应谱试验设备校准装置的研制

介绍了冲击响应谱基本概念及其试验设备的分类与工作原理，参考现行冲击试验台检定规程提出了针对该设备的校准方法，设计了一种基于虚拟仪器技术的新型冲击响应谱试验设备校准装置，给出了典型冲击波形（半正弦、矩形、后峰锯齿）的冲击响应谱仿真计算结果并进行了验证，计算结果与理论结果完全一致，证明算法准确可靠，能够实现对冲击响应谱试验设备的校准。     

带抽吸二元进气道/隔离段激波串振荡特性

针对抽吸缝作用下激波串非定常振荡的复杂流动问题,采用高速纹影结合壁面动态压力测量的方法,在马赫数6的激波风洞中研究了高马赫数二元进气道/隔离段中激波串的自激振荡特性。隔离段出口不同堵塞度的实验结果表明:在低堵塞度下,隔离段内的分离激波无明显振荡;在中等堵塞度25.3%～32.3%和高堵塞度35.3%～38.2%工况下,隔离段内产生非定常激波串,受到隔离段内预先存在的背景波系以及抽吸缝泄流作用的影响,分别出现大幅度低频振荡和小幅度高频振荡;而当堵塞度超过临界值后,激波串被推出进气道,出现不起动。在大幅度振荡模式中,上壁面大分离区周期性地形成和消失,下壁面的激波串前沿分离激波在抽吸缝后缘到隔离段出口之间大幅度振荡,其振荡主频约为280Hz～480Hz,并且随着堵塞度升高而降低;在小幅度振荡模式中,上壁面始终存在大分离区,下壁面的激波串前沿分离激波在抽吸缝附近小幅振荡,其振荡主频约为900Hz～1800Hz。两种振荡模式均给隔离段壁面带来严酷的脉动压力载荷。     

烧蚀后的C-SiC隔离段内流场精细测量试验

为了获得极度粗糙内壁面对激波串流动特性的影响规律,通过基于纳米粒子示踪的平面激光散射技术和高频动态压力测量技术测量了Ma2来流下烧蚀后的C-SiC隔离段中激波串流场结构,获得了激波串初始激波形态、激波后附面层发展形态以及激波串动态特性。结果表明,烧蚀后的C-SiC隔离段中激波串结构与光滑不锈钢隔离段相似。但是极度粗糙的内壁面深刻影响了近壁区流动,附面层增厚效应非常明显。前者激波串内的附面层比后者厚约50%,前者激波分叉点比后者更接近唇口约30%。极度粗糙的内壁面也提高了附面层的分形维数,加剧了拟序结构的破碎程度。烧蚀后的C-SiC隔离段中附面层的分形维数在1.548～1.649,比光滑不锈钢隔离段高6.7%～8.9%。烧蚀后的C-SiC隔离段极度粗糙内壁面对激波串振荡频率几乎没有影响。激波串前传过程中的振荡频率约20Hz。     

Stationary flow fields prediction of variable physical domain based on proper orthogonal decomposition and kriging surrogate model

In this paper a new flow field prediction method which is independent of the governing equations, is developed to predict stationary flow fields of variable physical domain. Predicted flow fields come from linear superposition of selected basis modes generated by proper orthogonal decomposition(POD). Instead of traditional projection methods, kriging surrogate model is used to calculate the superposition coefficients through building approximate function relationships between profile geometry parameters of physical domain and these coefficients. In this context,the problem which troubles the traditional POD-projection method due to viscosity and compressibility has been avoided in the whole process. Moreover, there are no constraints for the inner product form, so two forms of simple ones are applied to improving computational efficiency and cope with variable physical domain problem. An iterative algorithm is developed to determine how many basis modes ranking front should be used in the prediction. Testing results prove the feasibility of this new method for subsonic flow field, but also prove that it is not proper for transonic flow field because of the poor predicted shock waves.     

应用傅里叶时间谱方法求解二维跨音速流动问题解的精度研究

为了从时间离散精度的角度评估傅里叶时间谱方法的实际计算效率,对用该方法求解二维跨音速流动问题的解进行了精度研究。通过求解Euler方程模拟俯仰振动NACA0012翼型的周期性非定常流动。结果表明:傅里叶时间谱方法可以使用很大的时间间隔较为准确地模拟有激波存在的周期性跨音速流动;对于此类流动问题,相比二阶向后差分公式法,傅里叶时间谱方法在预测翼型表面压力系数积分量特别是升力系数的时间变化规律方面具有明显的计算效率优势;用于模拟翼型表面压力系数自身的时间变化规律时,傅里叶时间谱方法具有不低于二阶向后差分公式法的计算效率。     

边界层抽吸对超燃冲压发动机流场特性的影响研究

为了解边界层抽吸对超燃冲压发动机流场的影响,采用风洞试验和数值计算对隔离段激波串特性以及燃烧室燃烧特性进行了研究。结果表明,在发动机入口马赫数2.0,总温950K,总压0.82MPa的来流条件下,当量比为0.18先锋氢气与不同当量比煤油共同燃烧呈不稳定状态,激波串在隔离段内前后振荡传播。当煤油当量比为0.29时,激波串振荡前缘远离抽吸位置,边界层抽吸对发动机流场基本没有影响。随着煤油当量比逐渐增大,激波串前缘位置到达抽吸区附近,边界层抽吸开始产生影响,改变了隔离段内的激波串动态演化过程、形态结构以及位置分布,同时有效提高了隔离段抗反压特性,使得煤油最大当量比可以由0.38增大至0.42。此外,边界层抽吸对发动机内的亚燃/超燃区域分布也会产生影响。     

How do interplanetary shock impact angles control the size of the geoeffective magnetosphere?

In this paper, we investigate temporal and spatial magnetosphere response to the impact of interplanetary (IP) shocks with different inclinations and speeds on the Earth’s magnetosphere. A data set with more than 500 IP shocks is used to identify positive sudden impulse (SI⁺) events as expressed by the SuperMAG partial ring current index. The SI⁺ rise time (RT), defined as the time interval between compression onset and maximum SI⁺ signature, is obtained for each event. We use RT and a model suggested by Takeuchi et al. (2002) to calculate the geoeffective magnetospheric distance (GMD) in the shock propagation direction as a function of shock impact angle and speed for each event. GMD is a generalization of the geoeffective magnetosphere length (GML) suggested by Takeuchi et al. (2002), defined from the subsolar point along the X line toward the tail. We estimate statistical GMD and GML values which are then reported for the first time. We also show that, similarly to well-known results for RT, the highest correlation coefficient for the GMD and impact angle is found for shocks with high speeds and small impact angles, and the faster and more frontal the shock, the smaller the GMD. This result indicates that the magnetospheric response depends heavily on shock impact angle. With these results, we argue that the prediction and forecasting of space weather events, such as those caused by coronal mass ejections, will not be accurately accomplished if the disturbances’ angles of impact are not considered as an important parameter within model and observation scheme capabilities.     

Transonic buffet control research with two types of shock control bump based on RAE2822 airfoil

Current research shows that the traditional shock control bump (SCB) can weaken the intensity of shock and better the transonic buffet performance.The author finds that when SCB is placed downstream of the shock,it can decrease the adverse pressure gradient.This may prevent the shock foot separation bubble to merge with the trailing edge separation and finally improve the buffet performance.Based on RAE2822 airfoil,two types of SCB are designed according to the two different mechanisms.By using Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) and unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (URANS) methods to analyze the properties of RAE2822 airfoil with and without SCB,the results show that the downstream SCB can better the buffet performance under a wide range of freestream Mach number and the steady aerodynamics characteristic is similar to that of RAE2822 airfoil.The traditional SCB can only weaken the intensity of the shock under the design condition.Under the off-design conditions,the SCB does not do much to or even worsen the buffet performance.Indeed,the use of backward bump can flatten the leeward side of the airfoil,and this is similar to the mechanism that supercritical airfoil can weaken the recompression of shock wave.     

Prediction of shock-layer ultraviolet radiation for hypersonic vehicles in near space

A systemic and validated model was developed to predict ultraviolet spectra features from the shock layer of near-space hypersonic vehicles in the ‘‘solar blind" band region. Computational procedures were performed with 7-species thermal non-equilibrium fluid mechanics, finite rate chemistry, and radiation calculations. The thermal non-equilibrium flow field was calculated with a two-temperature model by the finite volume technique and verified against the bow-shock ultra-violet(BSUV) flight experiments. The absorption coefficient of the mixture gases was evaluated with a line-by-line method and validated through laboratory shock tube measurements. Using the line of sight(LOS) method, radiation was calculated from three BSUV flights at altitudes of 38,53.5 and 71 km. The investigation focused on the level and structure of ultraviolet spectra radiated from a NO band system in wavelengths of 200–400 nm. Results predicted by the current model show qualitative spatial agreement with the measured data. At a velocity of 3.5 km/s(about Mach11), the peak absolute intensity at an altitude of 38 km is two orders of magnitude higher than that at 53.5 km. Under the same flight conditions, the spectra structures have quite a similar distribution at different viewing angles. The present computational model performs well in the prediction of the ultraviolet spectra emitted from the shock layer and will contribute to the investigation and analysis of radiative features of hypersonic vehicles in near space.