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1.
采用金相分析、硬度测试等技术手段,研究热处理对马氏体不锈钢9Cr13Mo3Co3Nb2V组织和硬度的影响。结果表明:9Cr13Mo3Co3Nb2V经淬火、冰冷处理及多次回火后,残余奥氏体充分转变为回火马氏体,并产生较强的二次硬化效果,进而获得稳定的组织和高的硬度;在350℃以上回火时,由于组织中二次碳化物的析出,开始出现二次硬化倾向,至480~520℃时,回火硬度达到了最大值。  相似文献   
2.
采用推力式接触方式研究了9Cr13Ni6Co5Be钢的接触疲劳性能,获得了不同破坏概率下接触应力与疲劳寿命的关系式,得到了P-S-N曲线。当破坏概率P=0.01,0.05,0.10和0.50时,不同接触应力下的疲劳寿命表达式分别为N=3.0930×1042×S-9.9602、N=2.9196×1039×S-9.0090、N=1.6505×1038×S-8.6133和N=1.0679×1035×S-7.5988,指定疲劳寿命为5×107的疲劳极限分别为S=3112 MPa,3358 MPa,3493 MPa和3950 MPa。  相似文献   
3.
为了测量航空发动机高温部件表面温度,利用离子束溅射镀膜技术制备了拥有多层薄膜结构的Pt-PtRh13薄膜热电偶,包括Ni基合金基底、Ni Cr Al Y黏结层、Al2O3过渡层、Al2O3绝缘层、Pt/Pt Rh13薄膜热电偶和Al2O3保护层。研究了热处理对Pt-PtRh13薄膜热电偶绝缘层性能的影响,并利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射分析(XRD)等手段对薄膜热电偶绝缘层性能下降的机理进行了分析。研究结果表明:利用Al2O3绝缘薄膜开发的Pt-PtRh13薄膜热电偶只用于900℃以下测温,在900℃以上长时间应用可能会出现测温不稳定问题,高温诱发Al2O3绝缘层发生晶型转变是主要原因。  相似文献   
4.
9Cr13Mo3Co3Nb2V马氏体不锈钢微观组织研究   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
对不同热处理状态下的微观组织结构进行了研究.采用物理化学相分析技术研究了9Cr13Mo3Co3Nb2V退火、淬火以及最终热处理制度下析出相的类型、含量及组成结构式.并用X射线小角散射(SAXS)(small angle x-ray scatter)分析了不同热处理制度下析出相在不同粒度间隔中的质量分布.结果表明:①9Cr13Mo3Co3Nb2V钢退火状态的组织为珠光体 碳化物(M23C6,MC和M6C),淬火状态组织为马氏体 碳化物(M23C6和MC),最终热处理状态的组织为回火马氏体 碳化物(M23 C6,MC和M3C);②小颗粒(≤300nm)碳化物析出相粒度分析表明,9Cr13Mo3Co3Nb2V钢退火、淬火状态析出相平均粒度相差不大,粗大颗粒较多,而最终热处理状态的析出相平均粒度明显减小,且细小颗粒比例较大.  相似文献   
5.
采用Gleeble热模拟试验机,对PH13-8Mo钢进行热变形模拟实验,研究了应变对PH13-8Mo钢在应变速率为10/s,变形温度为1050 ~1150℃时变形组织的影响.结果表明,PH13-8Mo钢在1 050℃、应变达到0.69时仍未发生完全再结晶,但在1100和1150℃、应变分别达到0.29和0.24后,发生了明显的完全再结晶.再结晶体积分数随应变增加和变形温度升高而逐渐增大,直至发生完全再结晶.当应变<0.29时,再结晶晶粒尺寸和试样的平均晶粒尺寸随应变增加较快地减小;当应变>0.29后,再结晶晶粒尺寸和试样的平均晶粒尺寸随应变增加缓慢地减小.再结晶晶粒尺寸和试样的平均晶粒尺寸均随变形温度的升高而增大.  相似文献   
6.
13Cr4Mo4Ni4VA钢复合化学热处理过程渗层组织性能演变   总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0  
对13Cr4Mo4Ni4VA钢进行了表层复合化学热处理,即在渗碳硬化层的基础上再进行渗氮处理,形成复合硬化层.采用光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)、电子探针(EMPA)及显微硬度梯度测试等方法对复合化学热处理过程组织性能的演变规律进行探索研究.结果表明,13Cr4Mo4Ni4VA钢在复合化学...  相似文献   
7.
The H13 hot-working tool steel is widely used as die material in the warm forming of Ti–6Al–4V titanium alloy sheet. However, under the heating condition, severe friction and lubricating conditions between the H13 tools and Ti–6Al–4V titanium alloy sheet would cause difficulty in guaranteeing forming quality. Surface modification may be used to control the level of friction force, reduce the friction wear and extend the service life of dies. In this paper, four surface modification methods(chromium plating, TiAlN coating, surface polishing and nitriding treatment)were applied to the H13 surfaces. Taking the coefficient of friction(CoF) and the wear degree as evaluation indicators, the high-temperature tribological behavior of the surface modified H13 steel was experimentally investigated under different tribological conditions. The results of this study indicate that the tribological properties of the TiAlN coating under dry friction condition are better than the others for a wide range of temperature(from room temperature to 500 C), while there is little difference of tribological properties between different surface modifications under graphite lubricated condition, and the variation law of CoF with temperature under graphite lubricated is opposite to that under the dry friction.  相似文献   
8.
During spaceflight the immune system is one of the most affected systems of the human body. During the SIMBOX (Science in Microgravity Box) mission on Shenzhou-8, we investigated microgravity-associated long-term alterations in macrophageal cells, the most important effector cells of the immune system. We analyzed the effect of long-term microgravity on the cytoskeleton and immunologically relevant surface molecules. Human U937 cells were differentiated into a macrophageal phenotype and exposed to microgravity or 1g on a reference centrifuge on-orbit for 5 days. After on-orbit fixation, the samples were analyzed with immunocytochemical staining and confocal microscopy after landing. The unmanned Shenzhou-8 spacecraft was launched on board a Long March 2F (CZ-2F) rocket from the Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center (JSLC) and landed after a 17-day-mission. We found a severely disturbed actin cytoskeleton, disorganized tubulin and distinctly reduced expression of CD18, CD36 and MHC-II after the 5 days in microgravity. The disturbed cytoskeleton, the loss of surface receptors for bacteria recognition, the activation of T lymphocytes, the loss of an important scavenger receptor and of antigen-presenting molecules could represent a dysfunctional macrophage phenotype. This phenotype in microgravity would be not capable of migrating or recognizing and attacking pathogens, and it would no longer activate the specific immune system, which could be investigated in functional assays. Obviously, the results have to be interpreted with caution as the model system has some limitations and due to numerous technical and biological restrictions (e.g. 23 °C and no CO2 supply during in-flight incubation). All parameter were carefully pre-tested on ground. Therefore, the experiment could be adapted to the experimental conditions available on Shenzhou-8.  相似文献   
9.
采用等离子喷涂和激光重熔复合工艺在TiAl合金表面制备了Al2O3-13wt%TiO2复合陶瓷涂层.为了减少重熔层裂纹等缺陷,采用较低的激光功率和能最密度进行重熔.用扫描电镜(SEM),能谱仪(EDS)和X射线衍射仪(XRD)分析了涂层形貌、微观结构和相组成.结果表明,经过激光重熔处理后,陶瓷涂层颗粒细化,片层状组织得以消失,致密性提高,获得了基本没有裂纹等缺陷的重熔层;激光重熔亚稳相γ-Al2O3转变为稳定相α-Al2O3;由于陶瓷材料导热系数较低的影响,激光重熔时无法使整个陶瓷层实现重熔,重熔后的陶瓷涂层形成了晶粒细小的等轴品重熔区、烧结区以及片层状残余等离子喷涂区.  相似文献   
10.
Human habitation and animal holding experiments in a closed environment, the Closed Ecology Experiment Facilities (CEEF), were carried out. The CEEF were established for collecting experimental data to estimate carbon transfer in the ecosystem around Rokkasho nuclear fuel reprocessing plant. Circulation of O2 and CO2, and supply of food from crops cultivated in the CEEF were conducted for the first time in the habitation experiments. Two humans known as eco-nauts inhabited the CEEF, living and working in the Plant Module (PM) and the Animal and Habitation Module (AHM), for a week three times in 2005. On a fresh weight basis, 82% of their food was supplied from 23 crops including rice and soybean, cultivated and harvested in the PM, in the 2nd and 3rd experiments. For the goats, the animals held in the experiments, all of their feed, consisting of rice straw, soybean plant leaves, and peanut shells and peanut plant leaves, was produced in the PM in the 2nd and 3rd experiments. The O2 produced in the PM by photosynthesis of the crops was separated by the O2 separator using molecular sheaves, then accumulated, transferred, and supplied to the AHM atmosphere. The CO2 produced in the AHM by respiration of the humans and animals was separated by the CO2 separator using solid amine, then accumulated, transferred, and supplied to the PM atmosphere. The amount of O2 consumed in the AHM was 46–51% of that produced in the PM, and the amount of CO2 produced in the AHM was 43–56% of that consumed in the PM. The surplus of O2 and the shortage of CO2 was a result of the fact that waste of the goats and the crops and part of the human waste were not processed in these habitation experiments. The estimated amount of carbon ingested by the eco-nauts was 64–92% of that in the harvested edible part of the crops. The estimated amount of carbon ingested by the goats was 36–53% of that in the harvested inedible part of the crops. One week was not enough time for determination of gas exchange especially for humans and animals, because fluctuation of their gas exchange was quite high. The amount of transpired water collected as condensate was 818–938 L d−1, and it was recycled as replenishing water compensating transpiration loss of nutrient solution. The amount of waste nutrient solution discharged from the PM was 1421–1644 L d−1. The waste nutrient solutions from rice and other crops were processed through micro filters (MFs) separately. The MF filtrated solutions were processed with reverse osmosis (RO) membrane filter separately and divided into filtrated water and concentrated waste nutrient solution. The concentrated waste nutrient solution from the crops other than rice was processed through an ultra-micro filter (UF) and reused, although that from rice was discharged in 2005. Concentrations of nutritional ions in the UF filtrated solution were determined, the depleted ions were added back, the UF filtrated solution was diluted with the RO membrane filtrated water, and the nutrient solution for the crops other than rice was regenerated. The nutrient solution for rice was newly made each time, using concentrated solution from an external source and the RO membrane filtrated water. Average amounts of water used in the AHM (L d−1) were determined as follows: drinking by humans (filtrated water), 1.5; cooking, etc. (filtrated water other than for drinking), 14.3; drinking by goats, 3.8; showering (hot water), 13.2; showering (cold water), 0.1; washing of hand and face and brushing teeth, 4.1; washing of dishes, dish clothes and towels, 36.4; and washing of animal holding tools, 0.3. The waste water was processed by a RO purification system and recycled for toilet flushing and animal pens washing. A circulation experiment for water was started in 2006 and a circulation experiment for waste materials is planned for 2007. In 2006, a single duration of the air circulation experiments was 2 weeks, although the human habitants were changed after 1 week.  相似文献   
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