Orbit determination of BDS-3 satellite based on regional ground tracking station and inter-satellite link observations

The BeiDou global navigation satellite system (BDS-3) has established the Ka-band inter-satellite link (ISL) to realize a two-way ranging function between satellites, which provides a new observation technology for the orbit determination of BDS-3 satellites. Therefore, this study presents a BDS satellite orbit determination model based on ground tracking station (GTS) observations and ISL ranging observations firstly to analyze the impact of the ISL ranging observations on the orbit determination of BDS-3 satellites. Subsequently, considering the data fusion processing, the variance component estimation (VCE) algorithm is applied to the parameter estimation process of the satellite orbit determination. Finally, using the measured data from China’s regional GTS observations and BDS-3 ISL ranging observations, the effects of ISL ranging observations on the orbit determination accuracy of BDS-3 satellites are analyzed. Moreover, the impact of the VCE algorithm on the fusion data processing is evaluated from the aspects of orbit determination accuracy, Ka-band hardware delay parameter stability, and ISL ranging observation residuals. The results show that for China’s regional GTSs, the addition of BDS-3 ISL ranging observations can significantly improve the orbit determination accuracy of BDS-3 satellites. The observed orbit determination accuracy of satellite radial component is improved from 48 cm to 4.1 cm. In addition, when the initial weight ratio between GTS observations and ISL ranging observations is not appropriate, the various indicators which include orbit determination accuracy, ISL hardware delay, and ISL observation residuals were observed to have improved after the adjustment of the VCE algorithm. These results validate the effectiveness of the VCE algorithm for the fusion data processing of the GTS observations and ISL ranging observations.     

半球谐振子疲劳寿命分析与仿真

半球谐振子的寿命和损伤是直接影响高精度半球谐振陀螺使用时长和安全性的重要因素。目前国内加工的半球谐振子所用的熔融石英玻璃材料主要依靠进口，采用传统的疲劳寿命实验确定方法成本过于昂贵，因此需要利用疲劳分析软件对半球谐振子的疲劳寿命进行分析。文章通过半球谐振陀螺应力分析，采用ANSYS软件对熔融石英半球谐振子进行应力分析仿真，确定因残余应力所引起的疲劳危险部位，并在疲劳部位进行裂纹扩展分析，得到 、 和 型应力强度因子，以使在半球谐振子结构设计和使用过程中对易疲劳的部位进行有效监控和预防。     

石英玻璃的等离子体抛光技术研究现状

具有耐腐蚀、热膨胀系数低等诸多优良物理化学特性的石英玻璃在高性能光学系统中被广泛使用。要求元件达到纳米级别的表面粗糙度，而且没有损伤层和残余应力，因此精加工之后的超精密抛光工序尤为重要。本文介绍了气囊、磁流变、弹性发射、离子束等几种石英玻璃的精密抛光方法，侧重阐述了国内外等离子体的抛光技术，包括等离子体辅助化学刻蚀、等离子体喷射加工、等离子化学蒸发加工研究进展及取得的成果；且对等离子体的未来发展进行概述。     

Scientific objectives and payloads of Tianwen-1, China’s first Mars exploration mission

This paper describes the scientific objectives and payloads of Tianwen-1, China’s first exploration mission to Mars. An orbiter, carrying a lander and a rover, lifted-off in July 2020 for a journey to Mars where it should arrive in February 2021. A suite of 13 scientific payloads, for in-situ and remote sensing, autonomously commanded by integrated payload controllers and mounted on the orbiter and the rover will study the magnetosphere and ionosphere of Mars and the relation with the solar wind, the atmosphere, surface and subsurface of the planet, looking at the topography, composition and structure and in particular for subsurface ice. The mission will also investigate Mars climate history. It is expected that Tianwen-1 will contribute significantly to advance our scientific knowledge of Mars.     

一种地月转移轨道中途修正的制导算法

针对地月转移轨道中途修正问题，提出了一种求解修正速度增量的制导算法。该算法由初值设计和精确解求解两部分组成。首先，利用伪状态理论，通过简单迭代设计中途修正的初值，并通过Vinti预报方法修正了地球扁率的影响。然后，在求解精确解时，提出了一种基于伪状态理论的状态转移矩阵解析算法。该算法通过设计高精度的初值，降低了求解地月转移轨道中途修正问题的难度，而且避免了传统数值方法计算状态转移矩阵的复杂性。数值仿真结果表明，该算法可有效求解中途修正问题。     

Methane pyrolysis in preparation of pyrolytic carbon: Thermodynamic and kinetic analysis by density functional theory

The density functional theory has been successfully applied in analyzing pyrolytic carbon deposition by methane pyrolysis from the view of thermodynamics and kinetics based on a total number of 39 elementary reactions. M06-2X/def2-TZVP level was employed to optimize species structures and locate the transition states. The enthalpy changes and Gibbs free energy changes of all the reactions in the temperature range of 298.15–1800 K were derived with optimized species. Results show that the reacting temperature should be above 1200 K based on the equilibrium constant analysis, which is consistent with the typical reaction temperature adopted in experiments. Potential energy surface profiles report that radical attacking reactions have lower energy barriers than those direct decomposition reactions, especially hydrogen radical attacking reactions. The energy barriers of the first steps, dehydrogenations of methane and ethylene, are 272.4 kJ·mol⁻¹ and 288.9 kJ·mol⁻¹ at 1200 K, which are very close to the experimental activation energy for methane pyrolysis. The most favorable decomposition reaction path is the path of hydrogen radical attacking reactions. The highest energy barrier of the path at 1200 K is 185.7 kJ·mol⁻¹ presented by the C–H bond breaking in ethynyl attacked by hydrogen radical.     

钛合金表面抗激光涂层损伤特性及热效应影响研究

实验研究了钛合金和高反射型陶瓷涂层材料抗连续型激光烧蚀的损伤及温度分布特性，并从热效应影响角度对比分析了二者在抗激光损伤效果方面的差异性。研究结果表明：相比于钛合金，高反射型陶瓷涂层材料能有效增强钛合金基底抗激光损伤的能力；在同等激光功率密度辐照下，陶瓷涂层材料能有效提升钛合金基底耐受激光辐照的时间长度。实验结果表明该陶瓷涂层材料的激光损伤阈值比钛合金高约5.8倍。实验发现陶瓷涂层温升速率高于钛合金，但由于陶瓷材料具有较高的反射特性，以及良好的热吸收和热传导特性，因此能使由激光辐照产生的热量在其表面较快地扩散，而降低向基底方向传导的程度，最终提升陶瓷涂层的抗激光损伤阈值。     

散射对高温气体-碳黑颗粒混合物辐射传输的影响

基于全光谱k分布(Full spectrum k distribution,FSK)模型、MIE理论和有限体积法(Finite volume method,FVM),构建了均温、均质辐射参与性气体-碳黑颗粒混合物介质热辐射传输模型,并分析了碳黑不同尺寸、不同体积浓度以及介质不同路径长度和不同温度条件下,因忽略碳黑颗粒散射所导致的介质热辐射传输特性(如辐射热流、辐射源项)的计算误差。研究结果表明:体积分数不变,增大粒径,计算误差呈现出先增大后减小的趋势;数密度不变,增大粒径,或者粒径不变,增大体积分数,均将使得计算误差相应增大;粒径、体积分数不变,增大路径长度,或者升高介质温度,均将增大计算误差。通常对于含有大颗粒、高碳黑浓度的辐射参与性气体-碳黑颗粒混合物介质,碳黑颗粒散射不能忽略。     

Quantitative assessment and visualization of flight risk induced by coupled multi-factor under icing conditions

Aircraft icing has been proven to be one of the most serious threats to flight safety. During the analysis of flight risk under icing conditions, quantitative assessment and visualization of flight risk are quite essential as they provide safe manipulation strategies in intricate conditions. However, they are rarely studied. Since the icing flight accidents are the result of the coupling of multiple unfavorable factors, in present study, we have proposed a method to quantitatively assess flight risk induced by multi-factor coupling under icing conditions by Monte-Carlo simulation and multivariate extreme value theory. The results demonstrate that the flight risk probability increases with the rise of unfavorable factors. Besides, a flight risk visualization method named flight safety window has been presented to build the flight risk distribution cloud maps in different complex conditions. The cloud maps show that the icing would give rise to atrophy of the safety scope, and the consequence would be even more severe when coupled with other more unfavorable factors. The proposed methods in this study would be useful in flight risk analysis under icing conditions and can enhance the pilot's situational awareness in selecting correct strategies within the safety zone to avoid unsafe manipulation.     

超静超稳卫星碰振动力学建模

针对分离式卫星载荷模块(PM)受到扰动时可能与服务模块(SM)发生碰撞的问题，综合音圈电机反电动势(back-EMF)和柔性线缆动力学的效应，基于牛顿欧拉法建立了分离式卫星(DFP)载荷模块动力学模型。基于Hertz接触理论，推导了分离式卫星碰撞过程中连续接触力模型，并分析了碰撞过程中产生的接触力对载荷模块指向精度和指向稳定度的影响。数值仿真结果表明，碰撞使得载荷模块指向精度和指向稳定度下降5个数量级，碰撞后载荷模块可再次恢复到超静超稳工作状态，恢复时间超过1400 s。本文建立的碰撞模型对研究分离式卫星碰撞规避和碰撞控制具有重要意义。