Effects of wing flexibility on aerodynamic performance of an aircraft model

The low-speed wind tunnel experiment is carried out on a simplified aircraft model to explore the influence of wing flexibility on the aircraft aerodynamic performance. The investigation involves the measurements of force, membrane deformation and velocity field at Reynolds number of 5.4 × 10⁴–1.1 × 10⁵. In the lift curves, two peaks are observed. The first peak, corresponding to the stall, is sensitive to the wing flexibility much more than the second peak, which nearly keeps constant. For the optimal case, in comparison with the rigid wing model, the delayed stall of nearly 5° is achieved, and the relative lift increment is about 90%. It is revealed that the lift enhanced region corresponds to the larger deformation and stronger vibration, which leads to stronger flow mixing near the flexible wing surface. Thereby, the leading-edge separation is suppressed, and the aerodynamic performance is improved significantly. Furthermore, the effects of sweep angle and Reynolds number on the aerodynamic characteristics of flexible wing are also presented.     

流量调节器管路系统自激振荡特性研究

流量调节器管路系统在小流量大压降工况下会出现低频自激振荡现象。为了深入认识自激振荡产生机理，结合某稳流型流量调节器及管路系统，基于流量调节器弹簧振子动力学模型开展数值仿真研究。数值仿真得出自激振荡频率为94Hz，与发动机试验结果一致。分析了流量调节器结构参数对系统稳定性的影响作用，三角形滑阀节流口能够抑制管路系统自激振荡。自激振荡产生机理是液动力随滑阀节流口型面振荡，并对管路系统形成正反馈作用，当流量调节器综合刚度系数<0时，管路系统就失稳产生振荡。某流量调节器的负载特性试验表明，随着流量调节器压降升高，管路系统稳定性变差。仿真获得的幅频特性，稳定边界与试验结果一致。     

NNW-TopViz流场可视分析系统

流场可视化技术采用图形图像直观地表现CFD数值模拟的计算结果，使用户能够方便地对这些数据进行分析、比较和研究。然而，CFD数值模拟的流动复杂，其产生的流场数据规模巨大、数据类型复杂、特征提取困难，传统的串行可视化软件效率低、交互手段单一，难以满足数据分析的需求。国家数值风洞（NNW）工程研制了一套流场数据处理可视化软件系统（NNW-TopViz，简称TopViz），具有对流场数据处理与特征提取、几何图形绘制等可视化与交互功能。根据可视分析效率需求，TopViz实现了线程并行，在多核计算环境下有效提高了可视化计算和交互效率；针对流场特征提取困难、常规方法效率低的问题，TopViz实现了基于卷积神经网络的流场旋涡特征提取方法，提升了特征提取准确率和效率；为提高软件交互效率并提供便捷的交互方式和体验，基于头戴式显示设备和体感控制器构建沉浸式虚拟显示与交互平台，TopViz实现了手势和眼球凝视2种交互方法，提供沉浸式环境下多视图、多角度流场探测方式。     

高能合成煤油GN-1性能研究 --“液体火箭推进”专刊

结合火箭发动机工程应用环境，研究了GN-1煤油高温高压热物性、安全特性、传热结焦性能以及点火延迟性能，并和现役火箭煤油作了对比分析。采用商业仪器对GN-1煤油在最高200℃、最高压力25MPa范围内的密度、黏度、定压比热容、导热系数、表面张力进行了实验测量。在实验数据的基础上，依据基团贡献法、基于比容平移法则的P-R方程、摩擦理论、广义对应态原理分别对GN-1煤油在最高350℃、最高压力60MPa范围内的密度、黏度、定压比热容、导热系数、表面张力进行了理论计算，建立了GN-1煤油的密度方程、黏度方程、导热系数方程，并将方程的计算值与实验值进行了对比，计算偏差较小。对GN-1煤油和火箭煤油的安全性能进行对比研究，GN-1煤油的闪点为40℃，自燃温度为305℃，高于火箭煤油(225℃)；燃点为47℃，低于火箭煤油(82℃)，GN-1煤油的爆炸极限范围为0.44%-2.9%（40℃）。GN-1煤油和火箭煤油的急性经口毒性LD50＞5000mg/kg，均属于第五级化合物（实际无毒）。在入口压力10 MPa，流速10 m·s-1，内壁温480℃条件下，GN-1煤油的传热系数比火箭煤油提高14.4%，建立了传热准则方程。GN-1煤油出口油温220℃时试验段平均结焦速率是出口油温150℃时的4.43倍，GN-1煤油不锈钢材质管路中试验段平均结焦为高合管材质管路中的22.3%。在970K-1105K温度范围内，GN-1煤油的点火延迟时间为320μs-471μs，是火箭煤油的55.6%-69.3%。相关研究可对发动机可靠设计及应用提供重要参考。     

S弯收扩喷管流动特性数值研究

为了研究S弯收扩喷管的流动机理，数值模拟了不同喷管落压比（NPR）和S形收敛管道出口面积比（A₇₂/A₈）对S弯收扩喷管内流动的影响。结果表明：当S弯收扩喷管处于高度过膨胀状态时，随着NPR升高，非对称分离逐渐转变为对称分离，λ型激波转变为马赫盘结构，气动性能下降，推力矢量角减小；随着NPR继续上升，激波从喷管内移动到喷管出口边缘，并逐渐转变为膨胀波，气动性能上升，推力矢量角减小至0°后保持不变。在完全遮挡高温部件的低可探测准则的约束下，出口面积比A₇₂/A₈的变化主要对S弯收扩喷管收敛段的流动特性产生显著影响，体现在S弯收扩喷管内的局部加速及二次流分布。S弯收扩喷管的气动性能随着A₇₂/A₈增大而提高，但当A₇₂/A₈增大至1.8时，第一弯管道出口上壁面发生流动分离，气动性能显著下降。     

A swept fin-induced flow field with different height mounting gaps

In order to apply the air fin successfully and ensure the maneuverability of hypersonic vehicle, a key problem to be studied urgently is the heat flux brought by the fin mounting gap. The appearance of mounting gap and fin shaft can induce many complex flow structures which need more attentions to be investigated. Under Ma 6, Nano-tracer-based Planar Laser Scattering (NPLS) and Temperature Sensitive Paints (TSP) were applied to visualize and measure transient flow structures and heat flux distribution of a swept fin-induced flow field with different height mounting gaps. Complementarily, Reynolds-averaged N-S equations were solved with k-ω SST turbulent model. The heat flux distribution results of numerical simulation and TSP observed the change of high heat flux region with different mounting gap, both in position and magnitude. The streamlines based on Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) and flow visualization results obtained by NPLS revealed the cause of high heat flux region. The high heat flux region in this flow field is mainly related to the reattachment of vortex and flow stagnation. The increase of gap height can lead to stronger gap overflow and shaft-induced horseshoe vortex, which are source of the high heat flux around the fin. The case with the highest mounting gap (4 mm) en-counters the most severe aerodynamic heating, both on the surface of fin and plate. Thus, under the premise of ensuring the flexibility of the fin, the gap should be set as small as possible.     

Review and propositions for the sliding/impact wear behavior in a contact interface

A thermal-solid-liquid complex operational environment induces structural interface developing a typical coupling sliding/impact wear behavior. It results in contact damage until systems fail, which may cause significant economic losses and catastrophic consequences. The key point of solving this problem is to reveal the coupling damage mechanism of the sliding/impact behavior in typical systems and life characterization under a complicate evolving environment. This has been a hot topic in the area of mechanical reliability. The main work in this paper can be concluded as follows. Firstly, the main industries in which the “sliding/impact behavior” takes place have been introduced. Then, existing studies on the wear mechanism and degree analysis are presented, which includes surface morphology analysis, wear debris analysis, and wear degree measurement. Meanwhile, existing problems in theoretical modeling and experiments in current research are summarized, so as to point out a bright direction for future research on wear prediction. They include interface contact modeling, mathematic coupling mechanism modeling, wear equation establishment, and wear life characterization, which can provide some new ideas for improving the existing studies on the sliding/impact wear behavior.     

弱引力下小行星动量驱动机器人的可控跳跃行为

以小行星表面着陆探测为背景,提出一种动量驱动机器人(MoRo)以满足弱引力复杂环境下的探测需求。该机器人利用弱引力环境下的摩擦和碰撞特性,通过主动辨识环境参数,规划和控制动量轮以产生期望的驱动力矩,完成可控性跳跃及腾空后的稳定拍照等任务。首先,基于MoRo的动量轮刹车机构特性,分析了MoRo在弱引力环境下的跳跃机理并对其跳跃方式进行了规划;接着考虑动量轮驱动机构三闭环伺服系统的非线性特性,基于Herze碰撞模型和Karnopp摩擦模型建立了MoRo在小行星表面的跳跃行为动力学模型;其次,使用机器学习算法建立环境参数和MoRo运动的函数关系,并基于环境参数规划动量轮转速实现跳跃距离和腾空高度的可控。最后,通过数值仿真校验了MoRo跳跃规划方法和控制方法的可行性。     

流量调节器管路系统自激振荡特性研究（液体火箭推进专刊）

流量调节器管路系统在小流量大压降工况下会出现低频自激振荡现象,为了深入认识自激振荡产生机理,结合某型自稳流型流量调节器及管路系统,基于流量调节器弹簧振子动力学模型开展数值仿真研究。数值仿真得出自激振荡频率为94 Hz,与发动机试验结果一致。自激振荡产生机理是流量调节器的液动力受滑阀窗口型面变化率影响对系统形成正反馈作用,流量调节器综合刚度小于零时系统失稳。分析了流量调节器结构参数对系统稳定性的影响作用,三角形滑阀节流口流通面积能够抑制管路系统自激振荡。结合某型流量调节器负载特性试验系统进行验证,得出随着流量调节器压降升高,管路系统稳定性变差,获得的幅频特性,稳定边界与试验结果一致。     

基于故障行为的惯导产品贮存寿命试验设计

以典型惯导产品加速度计贮存寿命评估为例，提出了一种基于故障行为模型的加速退化试验设计方法，解决了缺乏预试验数据情况下试验应力水平设计的问题。在通过对产品特性和主机理分析基础上，确定表征产品贮存寿命特征参数及试验应力，构建了考虑材料等分散性的加速度计故障行为模型，用以描述参数加速时变规律的特性。在试验应力最高水平确定的情况下，基于给定置信度和故障行为模型，以高应力水平下退化量的置信下限与低应力水平下退化量的置信上限不交叉为原则，采用基于仿真的加速退化试验设计方法，优化确定低应力和中间应力水平，从而设计给出试验剖面，并给出了加速退化试验方案优选流程，最终从备选方案集中确定加速度计试验最优方案。通过实际案例分析，验证了该方法的有效性。