石英玻璃的等离子体抛光技术研究现状

具有耐腐蚀、热膨胀系数低等诸多优良物理化学特性的石英玻璃在高性能光学系统中被广泛使用。要求元件达到纳米级别的表面粗糙度，而且没有损伤层和残余应力，因此精加工之后的超精密抛光工序尤为重要。本文介绍了气囊、磁流变、弹性发射、离子束等几种石英玻璃的精密抛光方法，侧重阐述了国内外等离子体的抛光技术，包括等离子体辅助化学刻蚀、等离子体喷射加工、等离子化学蒸发加工研究进展及取得的成果；且对等离子体的未来发展进行概述。     

Energy principle and material removal sequence optimization method in machining of aircraft monolithic parts

In the machining process of aircraft monolithic parts, the initial residual stress redistribution and structural stiffness evolution often lead to unexpected distortions. On the other hand, the stress redistribution and stiffness reduction during the machining process depend on the material removal sequence. The essence of the stress redistribution is releasing the initial elastic strain energy. In the present study, the influence of the material removal sequence on the energy release is studied. Moreover, a novel optimization method is proposed for the material removal sequence. In order to evaluate the performance of the proposed method, the mechanism of the machining distortion is firstly analyzed based on the energy principle. Then a calculative model for the machining distortion of long beam parts is established accordingly. Moreover, an energy parameter related to the bending distortion and the procedure of the material removal sequence optimization is defined. Finally, the bending distortion analysis and material removal sequence optimization are performed on a long beam with a Z-shaped cross-section. Furthermore, simulation and experiments are carried out. The obtained results indicate that the optimized sequence results in a low distortion fluctuation and decreases the bending distortion.     

Influence of thickness and initial groove angle in M–K model on limit strain of 7B04 by considering through-thickness stress

Marciniack–Kuczinski (M–K) model is widely used to predict material’s forming limit curve (FLC). The prediction of FLC traditionally neglected through-thickness normal stress. However, it cannot be neglected in some forming processes. Much work has been done to study the effect of through-thickness normal stress on FLC with constant through-thickness normal stress or constant ratio of through-thickness normal stress and maximum principal stress. In addition, based on Nakazima test process, the ratio of through-thickness normal stress and maximum principal stress has been derived, which was a function of instantaneous thickness and loading path. Here, initial groove angle in M–K model was not considered. In this paper, uniaxial tension tests and Nakazima tests were performed on 7B04 aluminum alloy. Based on Hill 48 yield criterion and M–K model, the prediction model of FLC was established. The increase of thickness can enhance FLC. Meanwhile, it is necessary to consider through-thickness normal stress and initial groove angle in prediction model. On the left side of FLC, the effect of initial groove angle on FLC is weakened by increasing sheet thickness. On the right side of FLC, the effect of initial groove angle on FLC is strengthened by increasing sheet thickness. On the right side of FLC, the relation between limit strain points with different thicknesses is linear under one certain loading path. Thickness has decisive effect on through-thickness normal stress level and the changing trendy of through-thickness normal stress during calculation is different under different stress condition.     

一种圆锥运动条件下的等效旋转矢量算法研究

传统旋转矢量姿态算法一般采用陀螺的角增量信号来构造积分算法,当应用于输出为角速率的光纤陀螺捷联系统时,通过角速率提取角增量,算法会损失一定精度。提出了一种以陀螺角速率信号与角增量信号同时作为输入的改进旋转矢量姿态算法,进一步补偿了圆锥误差,提高了计算精度。仿真结果表明,该算法与传统二子样算法相比较,计算量相当,姿态精度、速度精度、位置精度有大幅度的提升。     

超高强高韧马氏体时效钢热变形及航天应用研究

对于航天用超高强高韧C300马氏体时效钢来说,热加工过程中获得等轴细小的再结晶晶粒是实现该钢强韧性最佳匹配的关键环节。采用Gleeble-3800热模拟试验机在温度为850～1 150℃、应变速率为0.01～10 s~(-1)的条件下,对超高强高韧C300马氏体时效钢进行高温轴向压缩变形试验,获得了高温流变曲线,并观察变形后的金相组织。结果表明:C300马氏体时效钢的流变应力和峰值应变随着变形温度的升高和应变速率的降低而减小;试验钢在真应变为0.92、应变速率为0.01～10 s~(-1)的条件下,随着变形速率的提高,其发生完全动态再结晶的温度也逐渐升高,最佳热变形温度区间为1 050～1 150℃;测得试验钢的热变形激活能Q值为391.2 kJ/mol,建立了其热变形本构方程。结果能为C300马氏体钢的数值模拟和热加工工艺的制定提供理论基础。     

电动汽车牵引用水冷异步电机耦合场分析

基于Ansys多物理场仿真分析平台,对1台车用异步电机进行多物理场耦合分析。仿真电机连续运行在额定工况和峰值工况下的温升和热应力,对电机各部分温度场分布进行深入分析,预测电机峰值工况的最长允许时间。通过热-结构的有限元仿真分析电机内部结构的热应力分布,深入分析转子导条端部与端环焊接位置和机壳与铁心过盈配合面的热应力,校核转子导条端部是否存在开焊的风险,并通过热仿真和应力分析计算机壳与铁心在最高温升工况下不发生滑移或涨开的过盈配合量取值。     

复合材料层合板单搭接机械连接横向力研究

在复合材料单搭接连接结构中,由于载荷的偏心作用,在搭接处产生沿板厚度方向的横向力,使得接头产生横向位移并使螺栓偏转。采用试验及有限元方法对复合材料双钉单搭接机械连接中螺栓、螺母在静载荷作用下的应力进行研究,并进行结果分析。结果表明:单搭接中偏心矩在螺栓上的螺纹位置产生较大的应力,使螺栓发生断裂破坏;在螺母中产生较大的弯曲应力,使螺母发生破坏;在连接区两端对层合板施加横向约束能够有效降低螺栓、螺母中的应力幅值;计算结果与试验破坏模式吻合。     

柔性接头结构应力经验公式适用性

设计了接头球半径为8cm的柔性接头及其增强件环向应力电测系统，测试了不同燃烧室压强和摆角条件下增强件的环向应力，并与现有经验公式、有限元分析结果进行了对比，基于有限元分析研究了接头球半径变化对增强件环向压缩应力的影响，提出了新的接头球半径在6~10cm范围内增强件环向压缩应力估算公式，另外研究了喷管喉径对柔性接头结构应力的影响，讨论了冷试容器压强和热试车发动机燃烧室压强换算公式的适用性。结果表明:增强件环向压缩应力试验测试结果和有限元计算结果吻合较好，现有增强件环向压缩应力经验公式估算结果值得商榷，柔性接头冷试结构应力与热试结构应力是不同的，冷试容器压强和热试车发动机燃烧室压强换算公式对于增强件环向压缩应力是适用的，但是对弹性件切应力不适用。      

热冲击后气膜冷却叶片结构强度流固热耦合仿真

研究了冷气流量对气孔周围热应力的影响，为气膜冷却叶片可靠性设计提供参考。改变气孔的孔径，并建立有限元模型，结合有限元/边界元理论，通过流固热三场耦合技术获得热冲击后的叶片最大温度、温度不均衡程度及最大热应力。研究表明:增加冷气量有利于改善叶片冷却效率降低叶片温度，但也会使叶片温度不均衡程度增加，加剧尾缘气孔内的热应力载荷；增加前缘气孔直径可提升66%的平均冷却效率，有利于减缓气孔内的热应力，增加尾缘气孔的直径对冷却效率及热应力的影响均较小。此外，数值计算结果与试验及解析解较为吻合，对于气膜冷却叶片结构设计具有参考价值。      

X射线衍射法测量残余应力的相对误差及不确定度评定

利用原位拉伸机进行单轴连续加载,对X射线法测量钛合金残余应力的应力增量进行验证;依据JJF 1059.1-2012标准,对钛合金高应力标样(-659±35)MPa的测量不确定度进行评定。结果表明,X射线衍射法测得残余应力的增量与理论计算应力增量有较好的一致性,随着应力水平的增加,应力增量的相对误差保持在11%以内。以测量重复性、应力常数K、应力因子M为不确定度分量对测量不确定度进行了评定,所得扩展不确定度为±32 MPa。