开式转子发动机研究进展

开式转子发动机以高推进效率、低燃油消耗率和低污染物排放的"一高两低"优势,成为经济友好型航空发动机的典型代表,是下一代民用飞机潜在的动力备选方案之一。本文主要从开式转子发动机总体性能仿真技术、对转桨扇设计技术、传动附件设计技术、部件及整机试验技术等四个方面,分析开式转子发动机研发历史及相关技术研究进展。结合国内开式转子发动机研究现状,梳理出开式转子发动机的发展脉络,归纳出开展开式转子发动机研究所涉及的关键技术,并对未来的研究重点和发展路线进行展望,以期为开式转子发动机相关技术的后续研究提供技术支持。     

无导叶对转涡轮气动设计技术

采用先进的无导叶对转涡轮气动布局是提升航空发动机性能最为有效的措施之一。结合无导叶对转涡轮高压涡轮动叶进出口轴向速度变化较大等特点,采用理论分析等研究了对转涡轮基元速度三角形参数的优化选取方法,并给出了高压涡轮导叶、动叶出口气流角等变化对效率影响的详细变化关系。流量系数小、高压动叶出口气流角大以及高压动叶进出口轴向速度比大是设计满足出功比高效率对转涡轮的关键。而采用Bezier曲线造型的收敛-扩散叶型叶背曲率的控制、尾缘半径的选择、叶型出口面积与几何喉道面积之比等则是设计适合出口马赫数1.5～1.6高性能叶型的关键。     

一种对转涡轮性能基本分析

借鉴Stewart关于对转涡轮的效率分析方法,从速度三角形基本分析入手,以速功比为主要变量,通过与一级高压一级无导叶低压涡轮对转涡轮的比较,考察一级高压两级低压第一级无导叶对转涡轮性能特点。研究表明:各转速比下,后者对转涡轮高效率对应的总速功比范围都比前者对转涡轮窄,但其高效区发生在更小的总速功比区域;随转速比绝对值增加,两种涡轮高效率区都增加,且其位置均偏向更大的总速功比区域;相比于前者对转涡轮,后者对转涡轮具有较低出功比,且偏向于低速功比区域;随转速比绝对值增加,两种对转涡轮出功比范围均拓展。     

对转压气机数值模拟及实验研究

以设计的某对转压气机试验台为研究对象,分别应用数值模拟和试验手段对设计转速、典型工作状态下压气机性能和流场细微结构进行了研究。计算结果表明:压气机压比特性与试验值吻合较好,计算效率较试验值偏高;在近失速点压气机第二排转子叶片吸力面近尖部10%叶展范围内,最先出现导致叶片失速的大范围分离和低能堵塞团;第一排转子叶片尖部尾缘处附面层较厚并伴随有分离现象,使得下游叶片来流发生较大畸变。     

无导叶对转涡轮三维流场数值分析

1引言近年来,研究者在1 1/2对转涡轮设计方法、对转涡轮实验台、实验件的设计加工以及对转涡轮的数值模拟方面进行了大量的工作[1~8]。在1 1/2对转涡轮中,一方面由于两转子对转使叶排相对转速大幅增大,约为传统涡轮的两倍;另一方面,高压动叶在结构上与传统的渐缩式流道涡轮叶栅     

横流中喷雾掺混流场结构研究

为了获得有限空间内喷雾在横流影响下的掺混发展及机理,应用PIV系统测量了单个旋流雾化喷嘴产生的喷雾在横流中的掺混流场,实验在矩形通道内实施。获得了3种喷嘴入射角度和3种液气动量比下的掺混截面流场结构。结果表明,由于射流撞击、剪切和壁面约束作用,流场中形成前缘涡和反旋涡对,反旋涡对对掺混起了主要作用。比较不同喷嘴入射角度和液气动量比下的流场结构发现,随喷雾入射角度减小,两相作用提前发生,且反旋涡对尺度小,更利于掺混均匀;随液气动量比减小,气相作用增强,旋涡强度和尺度变小,更小的涡尺度更利于液滴均匀分布。     

Evolution of convex structure during counter-rotating electrochemical machining based on kinematic modeling

Counter-rotating electrochemical machining (CRECM) is a novel electrochemical machining (ECM) method, which can be used to machine convex structures with complex shapes on the outer surface of casings. In this study, the evolution of the convex structure during CRECM is studied. The complex motion form of CRECM is replaced by an equivalent kinematic model, in which the movement of the cathode tool is realized by matrix equations. The trajectory of the cathode tool center satisfies the Archimedes spiral equation, and the feed depth in adjacent cycles is a constant. The simulation results show that the variations of five quality indexes for the convex structure: as machining time increases, the height increases linearly, and the width reduces linearly, the fillets at the top and root fit the rational function, and the inclination angle of the convex satisfies the exponential function. The current density distributions with different rotation angles is investigated. Owing to the differential distribution of current density on workpiece surface, the convex is manufactured with the cathode window transferring into and out of the processing area. Experimental results agree very well with the simulation, which indicates that the proposed model is effective for prediction the evolution of the convex structure in CRECM.     

对转双转子系统临界转速求解方法的改进与对比

为解决对转双转子航空发动机临界转速求解的难题,满足转子动力学设计需求,结合商业有限元软件,给出直接法和完全法两种临界转速求解方法,并结合算例详细论述了方法的理论基础和求解过程,最终以谐响应分析结果加以验证。研究结果表明：基于商业有限元软件特征值分析的完全法不需要任何振型信息,就可对正反进动曲线进行区分,极大简化了对转双转子系统临界转速的求解过程,而由有限元软件生成矩阵后进行处理并计算的直接法不需迭代,可由一次特征值求解得到全部临界转速。某双转子系统临界转速的计算结果表明,直接法、完全法和谐响应分析的结果完全一致。双转子对转时,正进动临界转速曲线随非激励源转子的转速绝对值增加而降低,使临界转速分布规律区别于同转转子,其动力特性需予以细致考虑。     

Analysis and control of inter-electrode gap during leveling process in counter-rotating electrochemical machining

The inter-electrode gap (IEG) is an essential parameter for the anode shaping process in electrochemical machining (ECM) and directly affects the machining accuracy. In this paper, the IEG during the leveling process of an oval anode workpiece in counter-rotating ECM (CRECM) is investigated. The variation of the minimum IEG is analyzed theoretically, and the results indicate that rather than reaching equilibrium, the minimum IEG in CRECM expands constantly when a constant feed speed is used for the cathode tool. This IEG expansion leads to a poor localization effect and has an adverse influence on the roundness of the machined workpiece. To maintain a small constant IEG in CRECM, a variable feed speed is used for the cathode based on a fitted equation. The theoretical results show that the minimum IEG can be controlled at a small value by using an accelerated feed speed. Experiments have been conducted using a specific experimental apparatus in which the cathode tool is designed as a combined structure of two sectors and a thin sheet. By detecting the machining currents flowing through the minimum IEG, how the latter varies is obtained indirectly. The results indicate that using an accelerated feed speed is effective for controlling the IEG, thereby improving the roundness of the machined workpiece.     

对转双转子局部碰摩故障实验

针对航空发动机涡轮机匣的结构特点,设计了一种可以模拟局部碰摩故障的实验装置.利用对转双转子实验器,实验研究了高、低压转子对转时,单独及同时发生局部碰摩的振动特性.结果表明,对转双转子涡轮发生局部碰摩时,静子的振动信号中会出现高倍频、分数倍频及组合频率成分,通过组合频率成分,可以判断是否发生碰摩及碰摩发生的部件.