Modelling ignition probability with pairwise mixing-reaction model for flame particle tracking

Reduced order models for ignition analysis can offer insights into ignition processes and facilitate the combustor optimization. In this study, a Pairwise Mixing-Reaction (PMR) model is formulated to model the interaction between the flame particle and the surrounding cell mixture during Lagrangian flame particle tracking. Specifically, the model accounts for the two-way coupling of mass and energy between the flame particle and the surrounding shell layer by modelling the corresponding turbulent mixing, chemical reaction and evaporation process if present. The state of a flame particle, e.g., burnt, hot gas or extinguished, is determined based on particle temperature. This model can properly describe the ignition process with a spark kernel being initiated in a nonflammable region, which is of practical importance in certain turbine engines and has not been rigorously accounted for by the existing models based on the estimation of local Karlovitz number. The model is integrated into an ignition probability analysis platform and is demonstrated for a methane/air bluff-body flame with the flow and fuel/air mixing characteristics being extracted from a non-reacting simulation. The results show that for the spark location being at the extreme fuel-lean outer shear layer of the recirculation zone, PMR can yield ignition events with a significant number of active flame particles. The mechanisms for the survival of the initial flame particles and the entrainment of the survived flame particles into the recirculation zone are analyzed. The results also show that the ignition probability map from PMR agrees well with the experimental observation: a high ignition probability in the shear layer of the recirculation zone near the mean stoichiometric surface, and low ignition probabilities inside the recirculation zone and the top stagnation region of the recirculation zone. The parametric study shows that the predicted shape of the ignition progress factor and ignition probability is in general insensitive to the model parameters and the model is adequate for quantifying the regions with high ignition probabilities.     

A numerical study on flame and large-scale flow structures in bluff-body stabilized flames

Large Eddy Simulations(LES) in conjunction with the Flamelet Progress Variable(FPV) approach have been performed to investigate the flame and large-scale flow structures in the bluff-body stabilized non-premixed flames, HM1 and HM3. The validity of the numerical methods is first verified by comparing the predicted velocity and composition fields with experimental measurements. Then the evolution of the flame and large-scale flow structures is analyzed when the flames approach blow-off. The analysis of instantaneous and statistical data indicates that there exists a shift of the control mechanism in the recirculation zone in the two flames. In the recirculation zone, HM1 flame is mainly controlled by the mixing effect and ignition mainly occurs in the outer shear layer. In HM3 flame, both the chemical reactions and mixing are important in the recirculation zone. The Proper Orthogonal Decomposition(POD) results show that the fluctuations in the outer shear layer are more intense in HM1, while the flow structures are more obvious in the outer vortex structure in HM3, due to the different control mechanism in the recirculation zone.It further shows that the flow structures in HM1 spread larger in the intense mixing zone due to higher temperature and less extinction.     

A forced ignition probability analysis method using kernel formation analysis with turbulent transport and Lagrangian flame particle tracking

A forced ignition probability analysis method is developed for turbulent combustion, in which kernel formation is analyzed with local kernel formation criteria, and flame propagation and stabilization are simulated with Lagrangian flame particle tracking. For kernel formation, the effect of turbulent scalar transport on flammability is modelled through the incorporation of turbulence-induced diffusion in a spherically outwardly propagating flame kernel model. The dependence of flammability limits on turbulent intensities is tabulated and serves as the flammability criterion for kernel formation. For Lagrangian flame particle tracking, flame particles are tracked in a structured grid with flow fields being interpolated from a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) solution. The particle velocity follows a Langevin model consisting of a linear drift and an isotropic diffusion term. The Karlovitz number is employed for the extinction criterion, which compares chemical and turbulent timescales. The integration of the above two-step analysis approach with non-reacting CFD is achieved through a general interpolation interface suitable for general unstructured CFD grids. The method is demonstrated for a methane/air bluff-body flame, in which flow and fuel/air mixing characteristics are extracted from a non-reacting simulation. Results show that the computed ignition probability map agrees qualitatively with experimental results. A reduction of the ignition probability in the recirculation zone and a high ignition probability on the shear layer of the recirculation zone near the mean stoichiometric surface are well captured. The tools can facilitate optimization of spark placement and offer insights into ignition processes.     

不同速度波动下氢含量变化对氢气-甲烷钝体火焰燃烧不稳定性的影响

针对燃气轮机贫燃预混条件下容易产生燃烧不稳定问题,探究了不同氢含量对氢气-甲烷混合气钝体火焰燃烧不稳定性的影响,用于获得燃烧不稳定性的控制方法。通过像增强相机（ICCD）、光电倍增管（PMT）、卡塞格林定点采集等装置获得火焰图像,并借助火焰传递函数描述火焰对声场的响应特性。由此得到了不同速度波动A下氢气含量变化（0%,10%,20%,40%）对燃烧不稳定性的影响总规律,并分析了氢含量变化对混合气热释放率的作用机理。实验结果表明：随着速度波动A的增加,燃烧不稳定性增强。当A较小时,火焰传递函数幅值|H|下降较快;当A大于0.3之后,|H|的下降趋势趋于平缓,火焰传递函数发生饱和。当A相同时,分别对90Hz和140Hz作用下的火焰研究后得到了相反的结论。氢气含量的增加导致90Hz作用下的火焰传递函数幅值|H|增加;热释放波动的相位与速度波动的相位相同,并且相位差接近0°,燃烧不稳定性减弱;而140Hz声作用下氢气的加入却使得|H|下降,并且相位差远离0°,热释放波动与速度波动的跟随性变差,燃烧不稳定性增强。     

钝体燃烧器中心射流火焰不稳性机理实验研究

为了设计火焰更加稳定的燃烧器,需要对导致火焰不稳定的机理开展研究.通过在钝体外侧通环形空气流,中心通燃料得到钝体稳燃非预混火焰.借助平面激光测速仪、增强型光电耦合器等测量手段,对两类不稳定火焰——不稳定脱离火焰和分离闪烁火焰的流动和反应区分布进行了测量,分析了导致两类不稳定火焰机理.结果发现,中心燃料和空气雷诺数的相对大小不同的情况,进入回流区内的燃料量的差异,是导致出现不同不稳定火焰模态的重要机制.因此为了得到稳定的钝体燃烧器中心射流火焰,需要合理安排流场使得回流区内燃料浓度合理.     

钝体绕流有旋流中回流区与进动涡核的大涡模拟

针对旋流数为0.57、0.68、0.91和1.59四种工况下的悉尼旋流燃烧器的冷态流场进行了大涡模拟,选取动态Smagorinsky涡黏模型作为亚格子尺度的湍流模型,研究不同旋流数下的流场结构、进动频率和进动涡核。模拟结果表明,旋流数为0.68时,钝体回流区长度最短。随着旋流数的增加,中心射流出口的旋流剪切层不断衰减,而下游的旋流剪切层不断增强。功率谱分析表明,进动现象的出现和消失对应于与旋流剪切层的增强和衰减;中心射流与下游区域具有不同的进动频率,表明流场中存在着两个独立的大尺度涡旋结构。不同取值位置的周向速度相关性分析进一步佐证了两个涡旋结构的存在。轴向位置70 mm处的横截面上瞬时流线和压强分布证实了下游流场存在着进动涡核。瞬时压强等值面显示了中心射流出口和下游流场进动涡核的三维螺旋形结构。下游流场的进动涡核均与平均速度场流线在空间上成正交关系,表明进动涡核是由剪切层Kelvin-Helmholtz不稳定性产生。