无人机用燃料电池阴极供气系统建模与控制

燃料电池因其高效、无污染、噪声小等特点，被认为是未来最具有潜力的无人机（UAV）用动力源，燃料电池阴极供气系统的控制技术是决定燃料电池系统性能和可靠性的关键。针对无人机用质子交换膜燃料电池（PEMFC）阴极供气系统，首先，考虑外界温度、压力、空气密度以及雷诺数等随高度变化的参数，建立了跨高度离心空压机模型并分析了其在不同高度下的工作特性，基于无刷直流电机反电势特征构建了高速空压机驱动电机模型。其次，通过计算燃料电池阴极氧气和氮气的动态分压获取了PEMFC电堆输出电压。设计了基于分数阶PI^λD^μ的过氧比和阴极气压控制方法，驱动电机采用有限集模型预测控制（MPC）实现快速的转矩响应，仿真结果表明设计的控制器可在无人机跨高度运行条件下实现过氧比的快速调节，同时维持阴极气压稳定，满足燃料电池阴极供气需求。     

Aerodynamic design of tractor propeller for high-performance distributed electric propulsion aircraft

Aiming to maximize the aerodynamic performance of the Distributed Electric Propulsion (DEP) aircraft, a hybrid design framework which focuses on the aerodynamic performance of the propeller/wing integration has been developed and validated numerically. Variable-fidelity modelling for propeller aerodynamics has been used to achieve computational efficiency with reasonable accuracy. By optimizing the aerodynamic loading distributions on the tractor propeller disk, the induced slipstream is redistributed into a form that is beneficial for the wing downstream, based on which the propeller blade geometry is generated through a rapid inversed design procedure. As compared with the Minimum Induced Loss (MIL) propeller at a specified thrust level, significant improvements of both the lift-to-drag ratio of the wing and the propeller/wing integrated aerodynamic efficiency is achieved, which shows great promise to deliver aerodynamic benefits for the wing within the propeller slipstream without any additional devices.     

基于光场成像的快照式气膜孔三维测量技术

叶片气膜孔的几何参数对其冷却效率具有十分重要的影响，需采取有效手段对加工的气膜孔几何参数进行检测。基于光场成像原理，初步探索了单光场相机快照式三维测量技术在气膜孔检测上的应用。与其他光学测量技术相比，该技术仅通过一次拍摄，即可快速从捕获的单张原始光场图像中计算得到气膜孔的三维点云数据，其数据采集效率很高。实验中对一组标准量块进行了测量，展示了单光场相机应用于工业级精密测量的潜力。对实际叶片上气膜孔几何参数的检测结果初步表明了该技术应用于气膜孔三维测量的可能性。由于单光场相机成像系统的结构简单，易于操作且便于与其他传感器设备集成，可为气膜孔三维测量问题提供一种新的解决方案。     

Cutting path-dependent machinability of SiCp/Al composite under multi-step ultra-precision diamond cutting

Particle-tool interactions, which govern the synergetic deformation of SiC particle reinforced Al matrix composites under mechanical machining, strongly depend on the geometry of particle position residing on cutting path. In the present work, we investigate the influence of cutting path on the machinability of a SiCp/Al composite in multi-step ultra-precision diamond cutting by combining finite element simulations with experimental observations and characterization. Be consistent with experimentally characterized microstructures, the simulated SiCp/Al composite is considered to be composed of randomly distributed polygonally-shaped SiC particles with a volume fraction of 25vol%. A multi-step cutting strategy with depths of cut ranging from 2 to 10 μm is adopted to achieve an ultimate depth of cut of 10 μm. Intrinsic material parameters and extrinsic cutting conditions utilized in finite element simulations of SiCp/Al cutting are consistent with those used in corresponding experiments. Simulation results reveal different particle-tool interactions and failure modes of SiC particles, as well as their correlations with machining force evolution, residual stress distribution and machined surface topography. A detailed comparison between numerical simulation results and experimental data of multi-step diamond cutting of SiCp/Al composite reveals a substantial impact of the number of cutting steps on particle-tool interactions and machined surface quality. These findings provide guidelines for achieving high surface finish of SiCp/Al composites by ultra-precision diamond cutting.     

基于3D Zernike矩的巡检器与空间站的相对导航算法

针对航天器相对导航问题，以空间站表面为"特殊地形"，提出一种基于大型航天器表面巡检的相对导航算法。首先，运用巡检飞行器上的TOF （Time of Flight）相机测量空间站表面局部点云数据，以该点云数据为实时图，以空间站表面先验点云数据为基准图。然后，利用3D Zernike矩与三维地形间的一一对应关系，将三维地形匹配转化为基于3D Zernike矩的特征向量匹配。在此基础上求解实时图与匹配上的基准图间的相对位置、相对姿态，从而确定两航天器间的相对导航参数，并通过实验分析了匹配精度及速度的主要影响因素。最后，将该相对导航参数与惯性系统推算的相对导航参数在扩展卡尔曼滤波器的框架下实现信息融合，估计了巡检飞行器与空间站间的相对位置、相对姿态，实验结果表明，相对位置精度优于0.002 m，相对姿态精度优于0.1°。     

Ionospheric total electron content response to annular solar eclipse on June 21, 2020

The effects of physical events on the ionosphere structure is an important field of study, especially for navigation and radio communication. The paper presents the spatio-temporal ionospheric TEC response to the recent annular solar eclipse on June 21, 2020, which spans across two continents, Africa and Asia, and 14 countries. This eclipse took place on the same day as the June Solstice. The Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) based TEC data of the Global Ionosphere Maps (GIMs), 9 International GNSS Service (IGS) stations and FORMOSAT-7/COSMIC-2 (F7/C2) were utilized to analyze TEC response during the eclipse. The phases of the TEC time series were determined by taking the difference of the observed TEC values on eclipse day from the previous 5-day median TEC values. The results showed clear depletions in the TEC time series on June 21. These decreases were between 1 and 9 TECU (15–60%) depending on the location of IGS stations. The depletions are relatively higher at the stations close to the path of annular eclipse than those farther away. Furthermore, a reduction of about ?10 TECU in the form of an equatorial plasma bubble (EPB) was observed in GIMs at ~20° away from the equator towards northpole, between 08:00–11:00 UT where its maximum phase is located in southeast Japan. Additionally, an overall depletion of ~10% was observed in F7/C2 derived TEC at an altitude of 240 km (hmF2) in all regions affected by the solar eclipse, whereas, significant TEC fluctuations between the altitudes of 100 km ? 140 km were analyzed using the Savitzky-Golay smoothing filter. To prove TEC depletions are not caused by space weather, the variation of the sunspot number (SSN), solar wind (V_SW), disturbance storm-time (Dst), and Kp indices were investigated from 16th to 22nd June. The quiet space weather before and during the solar eclipse proved that the observed depletions in the TEC time series and profiles were caused by the annular solar eclipse.     

GEO/IGSO混合区域导航星座的设计与优化算法

区域导航星座能够以较低成本和较短时间获得目标区域导航能力，且地球同步轨道是构建非极区区域导航星座的重要轨道类型。提出一种基于GEO（地球静止轨道）和IGSO（倾斜地球同步轨道）的区域导航星座设计方法。基于星下点轨迹特性构造对称星座设计参数和优化参数集，并考虑地球扁率长期摄动影响，计算星座轨道参数。以导航服务区的统计GDOP（几何精度因子）为目标函数，利用差分进化算法构建星座优化模型。以印度IRNSS的7星星座为例，仿真检验了设计和优化算法的正确性，讨论了IRNSS星座优化构型和轨道类型选取。本方法采用的对称星座设计参数少，能够提升GEO/IGSO混合区域导航星座的全局优化效率，为后续非对称星座快速提供最佳星数和构型设计。     

复杂薄壁构件自适应加工工艺几何模型重构

随着制造理念和制造水平的不断提高，大量复合制造工艺背景下的近净成形叶片被应用到现役或在研的航空发动机中。该类叶片是典型的复杂薄壁结构零件，无精确定位基准，且成形一致性差。采用传统叶身定位，加工后的前/后缘、榫齿形状和位置精度均难以保证，从而导致产品一致性差，易超差与合格率低。针对以上问题，提出一种面向自适应加工的复杂薄壁结构零件工艺几何模型重构方法。首先，建立复杂曲面的采样点分布模型，快速获取叶片精确成型区域的位置和形状；其次，提出基于特征曲线相似变形的模型重构算法，精确重构前/后缘非精确成型区域的工艺几何模型；最后，通过精锻叶片自适应加工试验进行验证。试验结果表明：该方法可有效满足以精锻叶片为代表的复杂薄壁构件自适应加工要求。     

高能合成煤油GN-1性能研究 --“液体火箭推进”专刊

结合火箭发动机工程应用环境，研究了GN-1煤油高温高压热物性、安全特性、传热结焦性能以及点火延迟性能，并和现役火箭煤油作了对比分析。采用商业仪器对GN-1煤油在最高200℃、最高压力25MPa范围内的密度、黏度、定压比热容、导热系数、表面张力进行了实验测量。在实验数据的基础上，依据基团贡献法、基于比容平移法则的P-R方程、摩擦理论、广义对应态原理分别对GN-1煤油在最高350℃、最高压力60MPa范围内的密度、黏度、定压比热容、导热系数、表面张力进行了理论计算，建立了GN-1煤油的密度方程、黏度方程、导热系数方程，并将方程的计算值与实验值进行了对比，计算偏差较小。对GN-1煤油和火箭煤油的安全性能进行对比研究，GN-1煤油的闪点为40℃，自燃温度为305℃，高于火箭煤油(225℃)；燃点为47℃，低于火箭煤油(82℃)，GN-1煤油的爆炸极限范围为0.44%-2.9%（40℃）。GN-1煤油和火箭煤油的急性经口毒性LD50＞5000mg/kg，均属于第五级化合物（实际无毒）。在入口压力10 MPa，流速10 m·s-1，内壁温480℃条件下，GN-1煤油的传热系数比火箭煤油提高14.4%，建立了传热准则方程。GN-1煤油出口油温220℃时试验段平均结焦速率是出口油温150℃时的4.43倍，GN-1煤油不锈钢材质管路中试验段平均结焦为高合管材质管路中的22.3%。在970K-1105K温度范围内，GN-1煤油的点火延迟时间为320μs-471μs，是火箭煤油的55.6%-69.3%。相关研究可对发动机可靠设计及应用提供重要参考。