复杂网络可靠性数字仿真

讨论了复杂网络可靠性数字仿真方法，研究了网络中判断通路的算法，给出了数字仿真的程序框图。数字仿真比常规方法有更多优点。必将得到广泛的应用。     

红外辐射测量系统内部杂散辐射建模与仿真

杂散辐射是影响光学系统性能的重要因素,对于红外光学系统,除了外部杂散辐射,还须考虑系统自身结构产生的内部杂散辐射。为提高红外辐射计内部杂散辐射分析的精度,建立了 1种基于复合蒙特卡洛法的内部杂散辐射数学模型。首先,将红外辐射计的内部杂散辐射源根据位置分为 2部分:遮光罩入瞳处的热辐射和辐射计内部光学元件、机械部分所发出的热辐射。对于遮光罩入瞳处和辐射计内部光机元件发出的杂散辐射,分别采用正向蒙特卡洛法和反向蒙特卡洛法进行追踪,得到探测器接收面入瞳处的杂散辐射辐照度分布,进而分析不同位置的发射源对接收面入瞳处的杂散辐射贡献。最后,与直接模拟仿真结果进行对比。实验结果表明,在追迹光线数相等的情况下,该方法的精度更高。仿真结果体现了红外辐射计各部分杂散辐射对探测器入瞳面接收到的杂散辐射造成的影响,对后期开展内部杂散辐射抑制提供了方向。     

Comparison of alternative route selection strategies based on simulation optimization

Air traffic flow management (ATFM) is a collaborative process between the airspace provider and the airspace users. The result of the collaboration should be an outcome that maxi-mizes the utility of the system without excessively penalizing any of the agents. This paper develops a discrete-event simulation model which consists of aggregate departure/arrival airports, flight routes, and sectors for evaluating the alternative collaborative route selection strategy. Given the different perspectives from air traffic control center (ACC) and airlines, eight performance-metrics and five alternative route selection strategies represent the past, current and proposed air traffic flow management operations that were evaluated. The Monte Carlo method combined with the Optimal Computing Budget Allocation (OCBA) simulation optimization technique is employed to assess the performance of different strategies. A case study of the upper air routes in central and southern China shows that the proposed model can be readily implemented to simulate different kinds of air traffic flow management strategies and predict the effect of changes on the airspace sys-tem. It also shows that the proposed alternative collaborative route selection strategy is an effective way in alleviating the en-route traffic congestion.     

Simulation of depth–dose distributions for various ions in polyethylene medium

Study of depth–dose distributions for intermediate energy ion beams in tissue-like media such as polyethylene (CH₂)_n provides a good platform for further improvements in the fields of hadrontherapy and space radiation shielding. The depth–dose distributions for ¹²C ions at various energies and for light and intermediate ion beams (³He, ¹⁶O, ²⁰Ne and ²⁸Si) as well as for heavy ions ⁵⁶Fe in polyethylene were estimated by using simulation toolkit: Geant4. Calculations were performed mainly by considering two different combinations of standard electromagnetic (EM), binary cascade (BIC), statistical multifragmentation (SMF) and Fermi breakup (FB) models. The energies of the ion beams were selected to achieve the Bragg peaks at predefined position (∼60 mm) and as per their availability. Variations of peak-to-entrance ratio (from 7.44 ± 0.05 to 8.87 ± 0.05), entrance dose (from 2.89 ± 0.01 to 203.71 ± 0.63 MeV/mm) and entrance stopping power (from 3.608 to 208.858 MeV/mm, calculated by SRIM) with atomic number (Z) were presented in a systematic manner. The better peak-to-entrance ratio and less entrance dose in the region Z = 2 to 8 (i.e. ³He to ¹⁶O) may provide the suitability of the ion beams for hadrontherapy.     

Nuclear fragmentation database for GCR transport code development

A critical need for NASA is the ability to accurately model the transport of heavy ions in the Galactic Cosmic Rays (GCR) through matter, including spacecraft walls, equipment racks, etc. Nuclear interactions are of great importance in the GCR transport problem, as they can cause fragmentation of the incoming ion into lighter ions. Since the radiation dose delivered by a particle is proportional to the square of (charge/velocity), fragmentation reduces the dose delivered by incident ions. The other mechanism by which dose can be reduced is ionization energy loss, which can lead to some particles stopping in the shielding. This is the conventional notion of shielding, but it is not applicable to human spaceflight since the particles in the GCR tend to be too energetic to be stopped in the relatively thin shielding that is possible within payload mass constraints. Our group has measured a large number of fragmentation cross sections, intended to be used as input to, or for validation of, NASA’s radiation transport models. A database containing over 200 charge-changing cross sections and over 2000 fragment production cross sections has been compiled. In this report, we examine in detail the contrast between fragment measurements at large acceptance and small acceptance. We use output from the PHITS Monte Carlo code to test our assumptions using as an example ⁴⁰Ar data (and simulated data) at a beam energy of 650 MeV/nucleon. We also present preliminary analysis in which isotopic resolution was attained for beryllium fragments produced by beams of ¹⁰B and ¹¹B. Future work on the experimental data set will focus on extracting and interpreting production cross sections for light fragments.     

The influence of in situ pitch-angle cosine coverage on the derivation of solar energetic particle injection and interplanetary transport conditions

Modelization of solar energetic particle (SEP) events aims at revealing the general scenario of SEP injection and interplanetary propagation and relies on in situ measurements of SEP distributions. In this paper, we study to what extent the LEFS60 and LEMS30 electron telescopes of the Electron Proton Alpha Monitor (EPAM) on board the Advanced Composition Explorer are able to scan pitch-angle distributions during near-relativistic electron events. We estimate the percentage of the pitch-angle cosine range scanned by both telescopes for a given magnetic field configuration. We obtain that the pitch-angle coverage is always higher for LEFS60 than for LEMS30. Therefore, LEFS60 provides more information of the directional distribution of the observed particles. The aim of the paper is to study the relevance of the coverage when fitting LEFS60 particle measurements in order to infer the solar injection and the interplanetary transport conditions. By studying synthetic electron events, we obtain that at least 70% of the pitch-angle cosine range needs to be scanned by the telescope. Otherwise, multiple scenarios can explain the data.     

DSMC法模拟双组元姿控发动机喷管流动

为了准确获得喷管内不同燃气成分的参数，采用直接模拟蒙特卡罗(DSMC)方法结合可变软球(VSS)模型模拟喷管流动。单组分的计算结果与文献比较表明，所采用的程序和计算结果可信。对真空双组元钟形喷管内流动的模拟结果表明，压强扩散和热扩散的综合效应导致质量越大的分子越趋向于向边界层内扩散。     

数字仿真在航空可靠性工程中的应用

回顾近10年来蒙特卡罗数字仿真在我国航空可靠性工程领域的应用和发展,它展示出可靠性仿真在该领域的作用和地位。最后,对今后可靠性仿真研究提出了几点看法。     

镜反射凹面及相互可视表面的轨道外热流计算

通过对空间表面所受外热流以及镜反射表面所具有的特性的分析，提出了采用蒙特卡罗法计算镜反射凹面及镜反射相互可视表面的轨道热流的方法，并对半球凹面和两相互垂直可视平板的轨道热流进行了计算。