破译空气密码的701秘密基地

"701"是一个神秘单位的名字。就像电视连续剧《暗算》里的701所是一个严格保密的研究所一样,航天701所也是一个密级很高的专业研究所,只不过它的研究内容不是破译密码,而是破译空气对于航天器的秘密作用。1956年12月,这个秘密基地在北京西南郊的西山脚下、牤牛河畔诞生,它标志着中国航天空气动力学研究的开端。     

空气动力学——打开天门的钥匙

空气动力学是流体力学的一个分支,属于力学范围,是研究航空航天器飞行时与空气相对运动产生的力、热和其他物理现象的科学.     

空气涡轮火箭发动机起动过程推进剂供应及尾喷管面积变化规律研究

为了认识固体推进剂空气涡轮火箭发动机推进剂供应快慢和尾喷管面积变化对发动机起动过程产生的影响,采用容积法建立了考虑工质变比热及化学平衡的发动机动态模型,通过给定不同的推进剂供应速率、尾喷管喉部面积大小及尾喷管喉部面积随转速变化速率,模拟了发动机各工况下的起动过程,对比分析了这些参数对发动机起动时间、共同工作线位置的影响规律。研究发现,增加推进剂供应速率会使发动机起动时间降低,但压气机更接近喘振边界,当尾喷管喉部面积较小时,尾喷管会出现壅塞现象,导致压气机喘振。在此基础上,给出了采用较快推进剂供应速率和尾喷管喉部面积随转速升高而增大相结合的调节方法,使压气机在避免喘振的同时远离堵塞边界,实现了发动机的快速安全起动。     

基于离子风电推进系统的平流层飞艇飞行轨迹分析

针对传统螺旋桨受大气密度等环境变化影响,推力和效率显著下降的特点,提出将新型离子风电推进系统应用于平流层飞艇,建立动力学模型和相应推力模型,通过Simulink模块开展轨迹跟踪与定点控制仿真,并对15 km到30 km高度上螺旋桨和离子风作为平流层飞艇主动力的飞行轨迹进行对比分析。结果表明,40 kW功率下,在20 km以上高度,离子风动力飞艇的飞行曲线偏移量与瞬态响应时间远小于螺旋桨动力飞艇。通过优化离子风推进器的结构,选取最佳电压和电极间隙,有可能实现离子风作为飞艇的主动力。     

表面介质阻挡放电等离子体体积力实验

采用粒子图像测速(PIV)技术,在2200,4800,7300,14600Pa空气压力条件下,测量了高频高压表面介质阻挡放电(surface dielectric barrier discharge,SDBD)等离子体诱导流场.根据速度场和N-S方程求解了等离子体体积力分布,分析了空气压力和激励器电压对等离子体体积力影响.实验结果表明:相同空气压力时,激励器电压越高体积力越大.相同激励器电压时,体积力随空气压力升高减小.在体积力分布区域,体积力方向一致,较大体积力区域分布于体积力方向线上游,流场高速流动区域紧挨较大体积力分布区域,位于体积力方向线下游.     

燃料电池研究新进展

燃料电池供电效率高,可降低飞机的燃油消耗量,减少污染物排放,是未来全电飞机的关键设备之一。     

载人航天器空气环境参数控制非定常仿真分析

为支持乘员在轨驻留,载人航天器需通过空气环境控制系统将众多设计参数和空气环境参数控制在指标范围内。文章建立了一种载人航天器空气环境非定常控制仿真分析模型,包括舱体模块、航天员模块、舱压控制模块、温湿度控制模块以及CO2净化模块。利用该模型分析了载人航天器空气环境参数随乘员代谢水平的非定常变化趋势,并评估了控制系统的工作性能。结果表明:乘员代谢水平变化对空气环境参数有显著影响,通过调节控制系统运行参数可将各空气参数控制在有效指标范围内。人区温度与O2分压、CO2分压和人区湿度有密切的影响关系,不可孤立地进行分析。为载人航天器空气环境参数控制系统的设计和流程改进提供了依据。     

Multi-objective optimization of aircraft design for emission and cost reductions

Pollutant gases emitted from the civil jet are doing more and more harm to the environ- ment with the rapid development of the global commercial aviation transport. Low environmental impact has become a new requirement for aircraft design. In this paper, estimation method for emis- sion in aircraft conceptual design stage is improved based on the International Civil Aviation Orga- nization （ICAO） aircraft engine emissions databank and the polynomial curve fitting methods. The greenhouse gas emission （CO2 equivalent） per seat per kilometer is proposed to measure the emis- sions. An approximate sensitive analysis and a multi-objective optimization of aircraft design for tradeoff between greenhouse effect and direct operating cost （DOC） are performed with five geom- etry variables of wing configuration and two flight operational parameters. The results indicate that reducing the cruise altitude and Mach number may result in a decrease of the greenhouse effect but an increase of DOC. And the two flight operational parameters have more effects on the emissions than the wing configuration. The Pareto-optimal front shows that a decrease of 29.8% in DOC is attained at the expense of an increase of 10.8% in greenhouse gases.     

Sliding mode control based guidance law with impact angle constraint

The terminal guidance problem for an unpowered lifting reentry vehicle against a sta- tionary target is considered. In addition to attacking the target with high accuracy, the vehicle is also expected to achieve a desired impact angle. In this paper, a sliding mode control （SMC）-based guidance law is developed to satisfy the terminal angle constraint. Firstly, a specific sliding mode function is designed, and the terminal requirements can be achieved by enforcing both the sliding mode function and its derivative to zero at the end of the flight. Then, a backstepping approach is used to ensure the finite-time reaching phase of the sliding mode and the analytic expression of the control effort can be obtained. The trajectories generated by this method only depend on the initial and terminal conditions of the terminal phase and the instantaneous states of the vehicle. In order to test the performance of the proposed guidance law in practical application, numerical simulations are carried out by taking all the aerodynamic parameters into consideration. The effec- tiveness of the proposed guidance law is verified by the simulation results in various scenarios.     

Aeroelastic two-level optimization for preliminary design of wing structures considering robust constraints

An aeroelastic two-level optimization methodology for preliminary design of wing struc- tures is presented, in which the parameters for structural layout and sizes are taken as design vari- ables in the first-level optimization, and robust constraints in conjunction with conventional aeroelastic constraints are considered in the second-level optimization. A low-order panel method is used for aerodynamic analysis in the first-level optimization, and a high-order panel method is employed in the second-level optimization. It is concluded that the design of the abovementioned structural parameters of a wing can be improved using the present method with high efficiency. An improvement is seen in aeroelastic performance of the wing obtained with the present method when compared to the initial wing. Since these optimized structures are obtained after consideration of aerodynamic and structural uncertainties, they are well suited to encounter these uncertainties when they occur in reality.