运输类飞机的机身抗烧穿性适航要求解析

运输类飞机可生存坠撞后的火灾是客舱安全范畴内的重要问题之一.提高机身抗烧穿性,即推迟火焰进入客舱的时间,可为乘员应急撤离提供时间保证.介绍了运输类飞机坠撞后的池火火焰特征,包括最高温度、热流密度等特征的范围及其影响因素,重点论述了机身结构烧穿过程,剖析了适航规章中的抗烧穿符合性判据,梳理了抗烧穿性试验方法的发展过程,最后对我国未来运输类飞机机身抗烧穿研究的发展进行了展望.     

铝锂合金材料发展及综合性能评述

在抗疲劳设计等工程应用中,对材料综合性能的准确把握是使用材料进行设计的基础。作为一种航空材料,铝锂合金因具有高比强度、高比刚度的性能而受到青睐,与普通铝合金相比,铝锂合金的各方面性能,包括常规力学性能和疲劳断裂性能,具有独特特征。不同时期研发的铝锂合金产品,其各方面性能也有显著差异。本文通过比较铝锂合金和普通铝合金的性能差异,以及比较不同铝锂合金之间的性能差异,对铝锂合金材料性能发展进行综合评述。通过对铝锂合金发展历程、常规力学性能、疲劳极限和疲劳抗力、疲劳裂纹扩展抗力的分析,给出了结构设计选材的一些建议。     

Hardware qualification for scientific ballooning missions

The European Stratospheric Balloon Observatory (ESBO) initiative aims at simplifying the access to stratospheric balloon missions. We plan to provide platforms and support with instrument design in order to support scientists. During the design process, the inevitable question of qualification for the harsh flight conditions arises. Unfortunately, there is no existing standard for qualification of stratospheric ballooning hardware. Thus, we developed a qualification procedure for use within ESBO and similar projects.In this paper, we present our analysis of the environmental conditions in the stratosphere. While conditions at typical balloon float altitudes are similar to the space environment, there are also some relevant differences. For example, the thermal environment is dominated by radiation and thermal conduction, but the remaining atmosphere still supports a certain amount of convection. The remaining atmospheric pressure in the stratosphere also leads to reduced arcing distances. Vibrational loads are far less than for space missions, but quasi-static or shock loads may occur. The criticality of radiation increases with mission duration.Based on the environmental conditions, we present the qualification procedures for ESBO, which are based on the European Cooperation for Space Standardization (ECSS) standards for space systems. Overtesting against too high requirements leads to overengineering, driving mission cost and mitigating the advantages of balloons over space missions. Therefore, we modified the ECSS standards to fit typical scientific ballooning missions over several days at altitudes up to 40 km. Furthermore, we analyzed design rules for space systems with regard to their relevance for scientific ballooning, including material and component selection. We present the experience from the hardware qualification process for the ESBO prototype STUDIO (Stratospheric UV Demonstrator of an Imaging Observatory). Even though boundary conditions are different for each individual mission, we aimed for a broader approach: We investigated more general requirements for scientific ballooning missions to support future flights.     

推进剂管理装置的可靠性增长及试验验证

采用原始的焊接方式焊接筛网式推进剂管理装置的收集器合格率低、可靠性差。为此,采用纯钛箔作为过渡层进行了不锈钢筛网与钛合金支压板的电阻缝焊试验以及随后这两者与钛合金骨架的电子束焊试验,然后进行了地面力学环境下的振动试验,以验证焊接方式改进后收集器的可靠性。焊接试验结果表明,纯钛箔过渡层一方面可以大幅降低筛网在电阻缝焊时的焊接热量,有效地减小筛网的热变形;另一方面可以在电阻缝焊后形成牢固、封闭的纯钛/不锈钢筛网焊缝过渡区,有效地增加电子束焊时筛网的变形抗力,从而使得焊接后试样的合格率和性能大幅提高。振动试验结果表明,焊接方式改进后收集器的可靠度置信下限从0.90增加到了0.96。