小型非球面光学元件测量技术研究

非球面光学元件应用越来越广泛,其测量技术非常关键.本文研究了小型非球面光学元件的各种面形测量方法,针对其测量原理进行了分类和对比,对其优缺点和适用范围进行了讨论,同时分析了各种测量方法实现的关键技术和面临的挑战.     

点接触圆柱蜗杆传动的设计原理

本文在对蜗轮副啮合原理分析的基础上,通过在共轭齿面上预先设置啮合位置,详细推导了失配齿面的几何参数和接触特性的计算公式,论述了点接触圆柱蜗杆传动的设计原理。应用本文的原理,采用优化综合的方法,可以使圆柱蜗杆传动直接实现点接触和完全互换,并具有良好的接触特性,使对误差的敏感性降低,缩短装配中的辅助时间,且传动质量得到改善。     

Active detumbling technology for noncooperative space target with energy dissipation

Space debris is generally a kind of tumbling noncooperative space target which poses a serious threat to human space activities. In active debris removal (ADR) missions, capturing a space target directly may cause damage to space manipulator and chaser satellite, so it is a feasible strategy to reduce the angular velocity of space target to an acceptable range in the pre-capture phase. In this paper, an active detumbling technology for a free-floating tumbling space target with energy dissipation is studied, and an effective detumbling method utilizing intermittent contact impact between the space target and despin mechanism is proposed. First, the dynamic model of the space target is set up by the Jourdain’s velocity variation principle. Then, a contact model between the space target and despin mechanism is established based on the Hertz contact theory and the method of computer graphics. Finally, the detumbling method is validated by numerical simulations. Simulation results show that our method can reduce the angular velocity of the space target effectively without causing large nutation.     

Influences of preload on the friction and wear properties of high-speed instrument angular contact ball bearings

For starved-oil or solid lubrication of high-speed instrument angular contact ball bearings, friction heating and wear are the main reasons of bearing failures. This paper presents a dynamic wear simulation model to investigate the impacts of different preload methods and the changes of preload caused by wear on bearing wear life. The integral value QV of stress and sliding velocity in the contact ellipses between a ball and the inner and outer races determines friction heating and wear. The changes of QV with the friction coefficient and the wear volume under constant-force preload and fixed-position preload are analyzed. Results show that under the same initial preload, the QV decreases with an increase of the friction coefficient for both preload methods, and the latter is slightly larger. The wear of the ball and the race is equivalent to the ball diameter reduction. The QV of constant-force preload is almost not changed with a decrease of the ball diameter, but for fixed-position preload, the value decreases firstly and then increases substantially due to insufficient preload, and slipping occurs, the ball diameter is reduced by 0.025%, while the preload is reduced by 60.33%. An estimation of the bearing wear life under different preload methods requires a consideration of the changes in the wear rate of bearing parts.     

滚动球窝喷管接触应力分析

叙述了滚动球窝喷管在设计中许用接触应力的选择依据及方法,并根据以往的经验公式及其试验数据对影响许用接触应力的几个因素进行了分析。采用有限元法对某固体火箭发动机滚动球窝喷管的接触应力进行了预估,给出了接触应力有限元的基本计算方法,获得了阴、阳球体和钢球的应力分布和位移变化情况,计算结果与实测结果基本一致,对滚动球窝喷管的设计及其接触应力的计算具有一定的参考价值。     

剪切气流驱动液滴运动的受力分析

实验研究了剪切流驱动的液滴在固体表面上起始运动的受力机理.工作中使用一系列液体和固体表面来获得不同的液滴接触角,并在小型风洞中进行实验.实验中对液滴的启动气流速度进行了测量,并综合各种起始时刻的参数信息,建立了一个关于液滴接触线表面张力和剪切气流拖拽力平衡的数学模型,揭示了液滴脱落时刻的受力情况.所建立的模型更适合液滴1变形情况,但对于其它类似情况的剪切气流驱动液滴运动也能够进行合理的描述.     

空中加油对接过程的动力学建模与仿真

空中加油的成功与否主要依赖于加油锥套与受油插头的顺利对接,对对接过程中产生的动力学行为的研究是实现顺利对接的前提。利用多刚体系统动力学建立对接过程的动力学模型,求解出加油锥套与受油装置间的广义速度;并依据建立的接触动力学模型,得到局部接触点间的相对速度。基于非线性连续碰撞理论,提出对接过程中碰撞力的计算方法,并在机械系统动力学仿真软件ADAMS的环境下,构建加油锥套和受油装置的对接虚拟样机。通过对虚拟样机的动力学仿真,得到了对接过程中的碰撞力及速度响应曲线,同时,得出能够实现成功对接时各参数的具体范围。结果表明,制约对接成功的主要参数是初始相对速度、加油锥套的俯仰角和相对偏距。该研究对空中加油的对接和受油机的导航控制具有重要的意义。     

基于接触有限元的面齿轮传动弯曲强度研究

为了获得真实的面齿轮过渡曲面,推导了当插齿刀顶部为圆角时的过渡曲面方程.针对面齿轮齿面结构的特殊性,提出了有限元模型的"网格筛选法",纠正了单元形状的扭曲现象.以轮齿接触分析(TCA)为基础,采用三维接触有限元方法计算了面齿轮副的啮合过程中及其它参数变化时弯曲应力的变化.计算发现名义压力角参数和面齿轮轴向调整对弯曲强度都有重要影响.      

调整参数误差对齿面接触质量的影响

从齿面接触分析(Toothcontactanalysis,TCA)内含的啮合信息分析机床调整参数误差对齿面接触质量的影响,研究机床调整参数误差与螺旋锥齿轮齿面接触分析之间的关联规律.以SGM(螺旋锥齿轮,大轮展成法,小轮变性法加工)调整卡加工的弧齿锥齿轮副为研究对象,分析得到各个调整参数误差引起的齿面接触质量的变化规律.在此基础上,确定对齿面接触质量有较大影响的机床调整参数.      

直齿面齿轮修形及承载接触分析

提出了直齿面齿轮副齿廓修形的设计方法.通过对齿条刀具的直廓失配修形,获得了类似抛物线型的传动误差.建立了直齿面齿轮副轮齿接触分析(TCA)和承载接触分析(LTCA)的计算模型.啮合性能分析表明:齿廓修形能够使直齿面齿轮接触路径发生倾斜从而增大齿面有效重合度,还能避免边缘接触、改善齿面载荷分布与承载传动误差、提高传动的稳定性.