火箭发动机出口参数对喷焰流动及辐射的影响

基于详细化学反应机理+逐线积分法+视在光线法开展了火箭发动机喷焰流动与辐射特性研究,分析了不同化学反应机理对流动与辐射的影响,利用地面试验数据校验了模型的正确性,并详细分析了火箭发动机出口参数变化对喷焰流动及辐射的影响规律。研究结果表明:喷管出口温度增加,对流场结构影响较小,但会显著提升喷焰的复燃效应;喷管出口压强增加,会对流场马赫波系结构产生影响,但对喷焰二次燃烧影响较小;喷焰红外辐射强度会随着出口温度或出口压强的升高而增加,且红外辐射强度与出口推力正相关。      

Triton, Pluto, Centaurs, and Trans-Neptunian Bodies

The diverse populations of icy bodies of the outer Solar System (OSS) give critical information on the composition and structure of the solar nebula and the early phases of planet formation. The two principal repositories of icy bodies are the Kuiper belt or disk, and the Oort Cloud, both of which are the source regions of the comets. Nearly 1000 individual Kuiper belt objects have been discovered; their dynamical distribution is a clue to the early outward migration and gravitational scattering power of Neptune. Pluto is perhaps the largest Kuiper belt object. Pluto is distinguished by its large satellite, a variable atmosphere, and a surface composed of several ices and probable organic solid materials that give it color. Triton is probably a former member of the Kuiper belt population, suggested by its retrograde orbit as a satellite of Neptune. Like Pluto, Triton has a variable atmosphere, compositionally diverse icy surface, and an organic atmospheric haze. Centaur objects appear to come from the Kuiper belt and occupy temporary orbits in the planetary zone; the compositional similarity of one well studied Centaur (5145 Pholus) to comets is notable. New discoveries continue apace, as observational surveys reveal new objects and refined observing techniques yield more physical information about specific bodies.     

Pre-Main Sequence Stars Seen by ISO

Observations of pre-main sequence objects (T Tauri, Herbig Ae/Be and FU Orionis stars) obtained with the instrumentation on board the Infrared Space Observatory (ISO) are reviewed. All the observations have been mainly carried out by using the two spectrographs SWS and LWS, adopting their low resolution modes and such data have been used both for lines detection and to reconstruct the spectral energy distributions. Line emission and photometric behaviour of pre-main sequence objects have been analyzed in the framework of the current models, discussing the agreement (or disagreement) with them and trying to derive the questions which should be answered by the forthcoming FIR instrumentation. Based on observations with ISO, an ESA project with instruments funded by ESA Member States (especially the PI countries: France, Germany, The Netherlands, and the United Kingdom), and with the participation of ISAS and NASA.     

The Cool Interstellar Medium

Infrared spectroscopy and photometry with ISO covering most of the emission range of the interstellar medium has led to important progress in the understanding of the physics and chemistry of the gas, the nature and evolution of the dust grains and also the coupling between the gas and the grains. We review here the ISO results on the cool and low-excitation regions of the interstellar medium, where T _gas≲ 500 K, n _H∼ 100–10⁵ cm⁻³ and the electron density is a few 10⁻⁴. JEL codes: D24, L60, 047 Based on observations with ISO, an ESA project with instruments funded by ESA Member States (especially the PI countries: France, Germany, The Netherlands, and the United Kingdom), and with the participation of ISAS and NASA.     

卫星真空热试验中红外加热笼的创新设计

针对某型号卫星加热笼设计中的一些特殊问题,设计了一些特殊的处理方法,包括加热带双面涂黑漆的方法,加热笼结构设计中的一些特殊处理,以及支架控温装置等的设计。试验证明,这些方法在卫星真空热试验过程中取得了好的效果,可以为今后加热笼的设计开阔思路,有利于更好地完成试验任务。     

瞬态加热条件下高温应变计测量误差的修正方法

主要介绍飞机、火箭等宇航飞行器，在瞬态快速加热条件下用高温应变计测量结构或部件应变时．测量结果的误差修正方法。     

纳米硫化物半导体颜料的制备及其红外发射率研究

为了制备出在8～14μm红外波段具有较低红外发射率的颜料粉体，本文以醋酸镉Cd(AC)2．2H2O，醋酸锌Zn(AC)2．2H2O，硫化钠Na2S．2H2O为原料，采用化学均匀沉淀法在水浴中制备了平均粒径40nm左右的CdZnS固溶体纳米粒子。分析了实验反应过程中反应时间、反应温度和搅拌速度对CdZnS纳米粒子半径尺寸的影响。通过XRD，BET(ASAT2010)比表面仪和TEM表征，研究了粉体的粒度、结构和表面形貌等特征；通过IR-1红外发射率测量仪器测试了粉体在8～14μm波段的红外发射率。作者着重讨论了粉体粒径和8～14μm波段红外发射率之间的关系。并对此给出了一定的解释。     

高温应变计在瞬态加热条件下温度特性的试验研究

在瞬态加热条件下，应变计的瞬时热输出特性与应变计在慢速升温条件的热输出曲线有明显的差别。这种差别随着温升速率的提高将更加明显，本文主要介绍这种差别的试验研究结果。     

航天飞机及火箭的羽流试验技术

火箭发动机排气羽流的影响是研制火箭运载器的一个关键问题。本文综述了羽流对航天飞机和火箭底部流动、底部加热的影响。重点综述了冷气试验方法,并指出了冷气模拟试验的相似准则的参数组合关系式。冷气试验费用不大,试验周期短,是确定底部压力的最佳方法,试验重点在跨声速和低超声速飞行区域。本文对热气试验方法也作了介绍。热气试验可模拟羽流的真实热力学特性,但耗费大,技术复杂。火箭发动机羽流模拟应由风洞试验来确定。本文简述了进行羽流模拟试验的地面试验设备。     

Thermo-mechanical properties of RTM-made carbon fibre/polyimide composite attaching collar under transient heating

This study focuses on the thermo-mechanical properties of Carbon Fibre/Polyimide Composite (CFPC) attaching collars under transient heating. The CFPC attaching collars were fabricated by a high-temperature resin transfer moulding process, and their thermo-mechanical properties under the conditions of simultaneous transient heating and bending load were investigated. The results show that the attaching collar tends to fail at 118% of the limit load. The failure mode includes the fracture of the connecting screws, local extrusion damage of the hole edges, and slight ablation damage at the outer plies. And there is no observable residual deformation in the composite attaching collar. Furthermore, considering that the material properties vary with temperature, a progressive damage model based on the sequential thermo-mechanical coupling method was established to study the failure mechanism of the attaching collar. Finally, the damage factor of the CFPC was calculated to assess the safety status of the attaching collar. The results show that the primary damage modes of the composite attaching collar are intralaminar failure, which mainly occurs at the heat insulation layer and the hole edges, and these slightly affect the structural bearing capacity. A good correlation between the experiment and FEA is obtained. The test methods and analysis models proposed contribute to the safety assessment of composite structures under transient heating.