Tomographic determination of the spatial distribution of water vapor using GPS observations

With the advent of the GPS navigation system, a promising ground based technique has been introduced which makes it possible to estimate the amount of water vapor in the troposphere from operational GPS networks at relatively low additional costs. While the estimation of the integrated amount is currently well established, the determination of the spatial water vapor distribution and its temporal variation are still a major challenge. To account for the vertical resolution, several tomographic approaches were pursued. We developed the software package AWATOS (atmospheric water vapor tomography software) which is based on the assimilation of double differenced GPS observations. Applying a least-squares inversion, the inhomogeneous spatial distribution of water vapor is determined. An extensive investigation has been carried out in Switzerland. GPS measurements are performed by the dense permanent Swiss national GPS network AGNES of the Swiss Federal Office of Topography (swisstopo). A total of 40 equally distributed water vapor profiles have been estimated on an hourly basis. For the purpose of validation, 22 radiosonde profiles were used at the GPS and meteorological station Payerne. Furthermore, data of the numerical weather model aLMo (alpine model in Switzerland, MeteoSwiss) were compared with the tomographic results. An overall good agreement of the three methods with an rms of better than 1.6 g/m³ absolute humidity was achieved. The results show that AGNES can be used as a dedicated network for the purpose of GPS-tomography, using a horizontal resolution of approximately 50 km and height layers of 300–500 m thickness in the lower troposphere.     

UV光固化胶粘剂的研制

研制出了一种适用于高档家具玻璃、玻璃工艺器、水晶玻璃，光学玻璃等胶接用的丙烯酸系UV光固化胶粘剂，该胶粘接强度高、耐水性能好，玻璃接头在沸水中煮数十小时不剥离。     

飞机结冰风洞试验模拟研究

论述了飞机结冰风洞试验的必要性;阐述了结冰风洞试验方法;给出了相似准则和模拟参数计算结果及分析;讨论了飞行高度和大尺度水滴模拟问题.     

飞机机翼结冰过程的数值模拟

提出了一种适用于各种结冰气象条件下飞机机翼结冰过程的数值模拟方法。结合欧拉坐标系下空气-过冷水滴两相流动控制方程的计算,对不同气象条件下飞机机翼的结冰过程进行了数值模拟,得到了4°攻角NACA-0012翼型表面霜状冰、混合冰及瘤状冰3种冰形。所得冰形与文献中的试验数据和计算结果吻合良好,表明本文方法有效。另外还计算了不同的冰形对机翼升、阻力的影响,结果表明瘤状冰对机翼气动特性的影响最大。      

水滴撞击特性的高效计算方法

针对拉格朗日方法计算水滴撞击特性效率低、通用性差等问题,发展了一种水滴撞击特性的高效计算方法。在求解绕流流场的基础上,结合逐级结构化管理的边界信息存储方式,采用目标扩散追踪方法对水滴所在网格单元进行快速计算,并插值得到该点处的流场信息,逐个求解水滴运动方程得到各水滴的运动轨迹,从而确定水滴撞击极限、收集系数等撞击特性参数。通过对NACA0012翼型、GA-W(1)两段翼型和某三段翼型的计算得到不同状态下的水滴撞击特性,计算结果表明,该方法与传统方法相比具有计算效率高、结果可靠、通用性好等优点。     

飞机积冰后若干飞行力学问题综述

回顾飞机积冰后若干飞行力学问题研究的历史与现状,着重介绍了积冰飞机气动数据的获取途径、积冰飞机飞行力学建模与飞行仿真、积冰对飞机稳定性和操纵性的影响以及积冰对飞机飞行性能的影响.在已有飞机积冰后飞行力学问题研究的基础上,提出了飞机积冰后飞行力学问题研究领域需要解决和关注的若干问题,包括通过数值模拟方法获取积冰飞机的气动数据、完善积冰对飞机气动导数影响的计算模型以及加强平尾失速方面的研究.今后需要进一步对模拟冰风洞、数值模拟方法和平尾失速进行研究,并获取更多实验数据.     

机翼结冰过程的数值模拟

为预测飞机机翼结冰的形状,建立了一套采用时间步进法进行结冰过程数值模拟的方法.开发了一个软件框架用于使结冰模拟和网格更新全自动化.基于Messinger的质量和能量守恒方程建立了结冰热力学模型.采用了基于Spalart-Allmaras湍流模型在粗糙壁面的扩展模型来计算表面传热系数.提出了一种新的结冰生长方式.能预测霜...     

纳米SiO2基复合隔热材料吸水性能

考察了纳米SiO2基复合隔热材料各组分添加量对吸水率的影响,同时针对复合材料吸水率高的问题,通过热处理和添加疏水纳米SiO2的方式来降低吸水率.结果表明:纳米Al2O3和无碱超细玻璃纤维对复合材料吸水率影响不大,添加锆英石会使材料吸水率升高.高温热处理会在一定程度上降低吸水率,但温度应控制在800℃以下.添加疏水纳米S...     

尾部可调的发动机进口支板结冰数值模拟研究

基于模块化思想,在FLUENT软件基础之上开发了发动机进口支板的结冰计算程序,针对尾部可调支板的结冰问题进行了计算研究。通过分析发动机进口支板结冰的物理过程,将支板结冰计算分成四个模块,分别为两相流流场计算、水滴收集计算、热力学分析和表面结冰量计算、动网格计算。首先将各模块单独进行研究,通过FLUENT提供的UDF函数及宏函数逐一实现各模块功能,最后将各模块整合,实现了发动机进口支板的结冰计算。通过计算获得了调整角度为30°时,支板的液态水含量分布、不同时间下支板结冰的区域以及不同温度下支板结冰的特点,给出了可调支板应重点防冰区域。数值模拟方法为工程应用提供了一条可选的途径。     

GNSS water vapour tomography – Expected improvements by combining GPS,GLONASS and Galileo observations

The German Research Centre for Geosciences (GFZ) operates a GNSS water vapour tomography system using about 350 German GNSS stations. The GNSS data processing at the GFZ works in near real-time and provides zenith total delays, integrated water vapour and slant delay data operationally. This large data set of more than 50,000 slant delays per hour is used to reconstruct spatially resolved humidity fields by means of tomographic techniques. It can be expected that additional observations from the future Galileo system provide more information with improved quality. A simulation study covering 12 h at 14 July 2009 was therefore started to estimate the impact of GPS, Galileo and GLONASS data on the GNSS tomography. It is shown that the spatial coverage of the atmosphere with slant paths is highly improved by combining observations from two or three satellite systems. Equally important for a reliable tomographic reconstruction is the distribution of slant path intersections as they are required to locate the integrated delay information. The number of intersection points can be increased by a factor of 4 or 8 if two or three systems are combined and their distribution will cover larger regions of the atmosphere. The combined data sets can be used to increase the spatiotemporal resolution of the reconstructed humidity fields up to 30 km horizontally, 300 m vertically and 15 min. The reconstruction quality could not be improved considerably using the currently available techniques.