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71.
Bruce Fegley Jr. 《Space Science Reviews》2000,92(1-2):177-200
Thermochemical equilibrium calculations predict gas phase, gas-grain, and solid phase reactions as a function of pressure
and temperature in the solar nebula. However, chemical reactions proceed at different rates, which generally decrease exponentially
with decreasing temperature. At sufficiently low temperatures (which vary depending on the specific reaction) there may not
have been enough time for the predicted equilibrium chemistry to have taken place before the local environment cooled significantly
or before the gaseous solar nebula was dispersed. As a consequence, some of the high temperature chemistry established in
sufficiently hot regions of the solar nebula may be quenched or frozen in without the production of predicted low temperature
phases. Experimental studies and theoretical models of three exemplary low temperature reactions, the formation of troilite
(FeS), magnetite (Fe3O4), and hydrous silicates, have been done to quantify these ideas. A comparison of the chemical reaction rates with the estimated
nebular lifetime of 0.1-10 million years indicates that troilite formation proceeded to completion in the solar nebula. Magnetite
formation was much slower and only thin magnetite rims could have formed on metal grains. Hydrous silicate formation is predicted
to be even slower, and hydrous silicates in meteorites and interplanetary dust particles probably formed later on the parent
bodies of these objects, instead of in the solar nebula.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
72.
Caroline Andrade Enner Alcântara Nariane Bernardo Milton Kampel 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2019,63(7):2175-2188
Monitoring chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) concentrations in inland waters is crucial for water quality management, since Chl-a is a proxy for phytoplankton biomass and, thus, for ecological health of a water environment. Chl-a concentration can be retrieved through the inherent optical properties (IOPs) of a water system, which, in turn, can be remotely sensed obtained. Quasi-analytical algorithm (QAA), originally developed for ocean waters, can also retrieve IOPs for inland waters after re-parameterizations. This study is aimed at assessing the performance of sixteen schemes composed by QAA original and re-parameterized versions followed by models that use absorption coefficients as inputs for estimating Chl-a concentration in Ibitinga reservoir, located at Tietê River cascading system, São Paulo State, Brazil. It was verified that only QAAV5 based schemes were able to obtain reasonable estimates for image data and that by four models tested presented similar and acceptable results for QAAV5 outputs. The best model were applied to a Ocean and Land Colour Instrument (OLCI) image. Light absorption in the reservoir showed to be dominated by colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM), and wide spatial and temporal variability of optical and water quality properties was observed. 相似文献
73.
飞机在高空区域巡航时可能遭遇冰晶气象,导致发动机吸入冰晶颗粒发生结冰故障,欧美等国已将冰晶结冰纳入适航
取证要求,中国也考虑在后续发动机适航取证中增加冰晶结冰考核项目。为了准确掌握国内外冰晶结冰研究现状,通过调研文
献,对比了冰晶结冰与过冷水滴结冰在结冰位置、结冰条件和结冰机理方面的区别,阐述了试验研究和数值仿真方面的重要进展,
其中,试验研究分别介绍了冰晶在静态部件和动态部件内的撞击与结冰过程,数值仿真按照空气流场计算、冰晶运动轨迹和撞击
特性计算及结冰计算的顺序,总结了欧拉法与拉格朗日法的区别、冰晶运动相变与黏附过程及结冰热物理模型,并介绍了冰晶结
冰软件在数值模拟中的广泛应用,提出了目前在冰晶碰撞、结冰热力学模型、结冰探测及风洞试验等方面需要进一步研究的内容,
以期为中国冰晶结冰研究提供参考。 相似文献
74.
为抑制推进泵空化不稳定引起的振动、噪声等危害,采用仿座头鲸鳍状肢前缘凸结的方法对推进泵叶片空化进行控制,通过水洞实验和数值模拟对前缘凸结的空化控制效果和机理进行了研究。结果表明,与原型泵相比,本文设计的仿生泵扬程得到了提升,且其效率损失小于2.5%;该仿生泵的前缘凸结会诱发涡结构,使叶片表面适度湍流化,造成空化区域的展向发展受到限制,空泡稳定性得到提高,但其也会导致波谷处存在低压区,造成仿生泵空化初生提前。总体来说,前缘凸结可以有效控制空化脱落和不稳定脉动,但凸结结构参数有待进一步优化以延缓由于波谷处局部压力较低而引发的空化初生提前。 相似文献
75.
Dmitri Nikolaevich Severov Valentina Pshennikov Alexsandr Vasilievich Remeslo 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2012
Fronts and thermohaline structure of the Brazil–Malvinas Confluence System (BMCS) are studied from climatic data, “Marathon Exp. Leg.8, 1984” data, and Sea surface temperature (SST) data base “ds277-Reynolds” (1981–2000). The South Atlantic Central Water (SACW) is divided in two main types: tropical (TW) and subtropical water (ST). Water masses, Fronts, Inter-Frontal and Frontal Zones are analysed and classified: (a) the water masses: Tropical Low-Salinity Water, Tropical Surface Water, Tropical Tropospheric Water, Subtropical Low-Salinity Water, Subtropical Surface Water, Subtropical Tropospheric Water. T,S characteristics of intermediate, deep and bottom water defined by different authors are confirmed and completed; (b) the Inter-Frontal Zones: Tropical/Brazil Current Zone, Subtropical Zone and Subantarctic Zone; (c) the Frontal Zones: Subtropical, Subantarctic and Polar, and (d) the Fronts: Subtropical Front of the Brazil Current, Principal Subtropical Front, North Subtropical Front, Subtropical Surface Front, South Subtropical Front, Subantarctic Surface Front, Subantarctic Front and Polar Front. Several stable T–S relationships are found below the friction layer and at the Fronts. The maximum gradient of the oceanographic characteristics occurs at the Brazil Current Front, which can be any of the subtropical Fronts, depending on season. Minimum mean depth of the pycnocline coincides with the Fronts of the BMCS, indicating the paths of low-salinity shelf waters into the open ocean. In the work it is shown how to recover the horizontal and vertical thermohaline structure of waters from satellite data RSMAS SST. 相似文献
76.
Deuterium fractionations in cometary ices provide important clues to the origin and evolution of comets. Mass spectrometers
aboard spaceprobe Giotto revealed the first accurate D/H ratios in the water of Comet 1P/Halley. Ground-based observations
of HDO in Comets C/1996 B2 (Hyakutake) and C/1995 O1 (Hale-Bopp), the detection of DCN in Comet Hale-Bopp, and upper limits
for several other D-bearing molecules complement our limited sample of D/H measurements. On the basis of this data set all
Oort cloud comets seem to exhibit a similar
ratio in H2O, enriched by about a factor of two relative to terrestrial water and approximately one order of magnitude relative to the
protosolar value. Oort cloud comets, and by inference also classical short-period comets derived from the Kuiper Belt cannot
be the only source for the Earth's oceans. The cometary O/C ratio and dynamical reasons make it difficult to defend an early
influx of icy planetesimals from the Jupiter zone to the early Earth. D/H measurements of OH groups in phyllosilicate rich
meteorites suggest a mixture of cometary water and water adsorbed from the nebula by the rocky grains that formed the bulk
of the Earth may be responsible for the terrestrial D/H. The D/H ratio in cometary HCN is 7 times higher than the value in
cometary H2O. Species-dependent D-fractionations occur at low temperatures and low gas densities via ion-molecule or grain-surface reactions and cannot be explained by a pure solar nebula chemistry. It is plausible that cometary
volatiles preserved the interstellar D fractionation. The observed D abundances set a lower limit to the formation temperature
of (30 ± 10) K. Similar numbers can be derived from the ortho-to-para ratio in cometary water, from the absence of neon in
cometary ices and the presence of S2. Noble gases on Earth and Mars, and the relative abundance of cometary hydrocarbons place the comet formation temperature
near 50 K. So far all cometary D/H measurements refer to bulk compositions, and it is conceivable that significant departures
from the mean value could occur at the grain-size level. Strong isotope effects as a result of coma chemistry can be excluded
for molecules H2O and HCN. A comparison of the cometary
ratio with values found in the atmospheres of the outer planets is consistent with the long-held idea that the gas planets
formed around icy cores with a high cometary D/H ratio and subsequently accumulated significant amounts of H2 from the solar nebula with a low protosolar D/H.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
77.
78.
79.
张德刚%周燕%邓诗峰%黄发荣%杜磊 《宇航材料工艺》2006,36(2):27-29
用酚醛树脂对磷酸盐进行了杂化,并用杂化基体制备了玻璃纤维增强的复合材料。考察了酚醛树脂加入量对复合材料的力学性能、吸水性和介电性能的影响。结果表明,酚醛树脂加入后。磷酸盐复合材料的力学性能明显提高,弯曲强度从50MPa提高到100MPa以上;吸水性显著下降,吸湿率从5.5%降低到1.5%左右;同时复合材料的介电性能亦有改善。 相似文献
80.
在对水工质激光推进内流场特征分析的基础上,对描述内流场演化过程的数学模型进行探讨,研究了水滴蒸发模型、水滴变形和破碎模型在水工质激光推进内流场演化过程中的作用。研究结果表明,流场演化过程中,蒸发引起的水滴体积变化率不会超过0.0216%,因而蒸发模型对于计算结果影响不大,在计算过程中可以忽略;水滴在激波流场的作用下破碎成较小的水滴,形成二次雾化,破碎后的水滴体积最小只有原体积的1.5%,对于激光能量的沉积有较大影响,所以在计算中必须考虑水滴变形和破碎模型。 相似文献