基于前缘凸结的推进泵叶片空化控制研究

为抑制推进泵空化不稳定引起的振动、噪声等危害,采用仿座头鲸鳍状肢前缘凸结的方法对推进泵叶片空化进行控制,通过水洞实验和数值模拟对前缘凸结的空化控制效果和机理进行了研究。结果表明,与原型泵相比,本文设计的仿生泵扬程得到了提升,且其效率损失小于2.5%;该仿生泵的前缘凸结会诱发涡结构,使叶片表面适度湍流化,造成空化区域的展向发展受到限制,空泡稳定性得到提高,但其也会导致波谷处存在低压区,造成仿生泵空化初生提前。总体来说,前缘凸结可以有效控制空化脱落和不稳定脉动,但凸结结构参数有待进一步优化以延缓由于波谷处局部压力较低而引发的空化初生提前。     

Fronts and thermohaline structure of the Brazil–Malvinas Confluence System

Fronts and thermohaline structure of the Brazil–Malvinas Confluence System (BMCS) are studied from climatic data, “Marathon Exp. Leg.8, 1984” data, and Sea surface temperature (SST) data base “ds277-Reynolds” (1981–2000). The South Atlantic Central Water (SACW) is divided in two main types: tropical (TW) and subtropical water (ST). Water masses, Fronts, Inter-Frontal and Frontal Zones are analysed and classified: (a) the water masses: Tropical Low-Salinity Water, Tropical Surface Water, Tropical Tropospheric Water, Subtropical Low-Salinity Water, Subtropical Surface Water, Subtropical Tropospheric Water. T,S characteristics of intermediate, deep and bottom water defined by different authors are confirmed and completed; (b) the Inter-Frontal Zones: Tropical/Brazil Current Zone, Subtropical Zone and Subantarctic Zone; (c) the Frontal Zones: Subtropical, Subantarctic and Polar, and (d) the Fronts: Subtropical Front of the Brazil Current, Principal Subtropical Front, North Subtropical Front, Subtropical Surface Front, South Subtropical Front, Subantarctic Surface Front, Subantarctic Front and Polar Front. Several stable T–S relationships are found below the friction layer and at the Fronts. The maximum gradient of the oceanographic characteristics occurs at the Brazil Current Front, which can be any of the subtropical Fronts, depending on season. Minimum mean depth of the pycnocline coincides with the Fronts of the BMCS, indicating the paths of low-salinity shelf waters into the open ocean. In the work it is shown how to recover the horizontal and vertical thermohaline structure of waters from satellite data RSMAS SST.     

Cometary Deuterium

Deuterium fractionations in cometary ices provide important clues to the origin and evolution of comets. Mass spectrometers aboard spaceprobe Giotto revealed the first accurate D/H ratios in the water of Comet 1P/Halley. Ground-based observations of HDO in Comets C/1996 B2 (Hyakutake) and C/1995 O1 (Hale-Bopp), the detection of DCN in Comet Hale-Bopp, and upper limits for several other D-bearing molecules complement our limited sample of D/H measurements. On the basis of this data set all Oort cloud comets seem to exhibit a similar ratio in H₂O, enriched by about a factor of two relative to terrestrial water and approximately one order of magnitude relative to the protosolar value. Oort cloud comets, and by inference also classical short-period comets derived from the Kuiper Belt cannot be the only source for the Earth's oceans. The cometary O/C ratio and dynamical reasons make it difficult to defend an early influx of icy planetesimals from the Jupiter zone to the early Earth. D/H measurements of OH groups in phyllosilicate rich meteorites suggest a mixture of cometary water and water adsorbed from the nebula by the rocky grains that formed the bulk of the Earth may be responsible for the terrestrial D/H. The D/H ratio in cometary HCN is 7 times higher than the value in cometary H₂O. Species-dependent D-fractionations occur at low temperatures and low gas densities via ion-molecule or grain-surface reactions and cannot be explained by a pure solar nebula chemistry. It is plausible that cometary volatiles preserved the interstellar D fractionation. The observed D abundances set a lower limit to the formation temperature of (30 ± 10) K. Similar numbers can be derived from the ortho-to-para ratio in cometary water, from the absence of neon in cometary ices and the presence of S₂. Noble gases on Earth and Mars, and the relative abundance of cometary hydrocarbons place the comet formation temperature near 50 K. So far all cometary D/H measurements refer to bulk compositions, and it is conceivable that significant departures from the mean value could occur at the grain-size level. Strong isotope effects as a result of coma chemistry can be excluded for molecules H₂O and HCN. A comparison of the cometary ratio with values found in the atmospheres of the outer planets is consistent with the long-held idea that the gas planets formed around icy cores with a high cometary D/H ratio and subsequently accumulated significant amounts of H₂ from the solar nebula with a low protosolar D/H. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

金属/水反应冲压发动机内流场数值模拟

基于燃气发生器式金属/水反应冲压发动机的构成形式,建立了发动机补燃室内流场两相反应计算模型,并在该模型下对给定的贫氧推进剂配方,及某模型发动机进行了模拟,得出了不同水喷射雾化角、铝颗粒燃烧模型、铝颗粒初始直径下反应物和产物组分、温度等发动机参数的变化趋势。结果表明,水喷射雾化角大有利于水滴蒸发及其与燃气的掺混;两种不同的铝颗粒燃烧模型结果差别不大;铝颗粒初始直径的大小对发动机性能有显著影响。     

水工质微波加热推力器的击穿点火与离解损失估算

对水工质微波等离子推力器(MPT),用微波击穿气体放电产生等离子体的条件,数值估算了其点火的可行性;通过化学动力学计算证明了水工质MPT中离解损失的存在,并初步估算了理解损失的大小。结果表明,在1 kW的输入功率下水工质MPT的点火启动并不特别困难,从点火到稳定工作,能量吸收从场致电离、碰撞电离转变为热电离、碰撞电离和场致电离;水在MPT工作过程中会发生离解,离解损失在各类能量损失中所占的比重较大。     

酚醛树脂杂化磷酸盐基复合材料的研究

用酚醛树脂对磷酸盐进行了杂化，并用杂化基体制备了玻璃纤维增强的复合材料。考察了酚醛树脂加入量对复合材料的力学性能、吸水性和介电性能的影响。结果表明，酚醛树脂加入后。磷酸盐复合材料的力学性能明显提高，弯曲强度从50MPa提高到100MPa以上；吸水性显著下降，吸湿率从5．5％降低到1．5％左右；同时复合材料的介电性能亦有改善。     

水工质激光推进数值建模分析

在对水工质激光推进内流场特征分析的基础上,对描述内流场演化过程的数学模型进行探讨,研究了水滴蒸发模型、水滴变形和破碎模型在水工质激光推进内流场演化过程中的作用。研究结果表明,流场演化过程中,蒸发引起的水滴体积变化率不会超过0.0216%,因而蒸发模型对于计算结果影响不大,在计算过程中可以忽略;水滴在激波流场的作用下破碎成较小的水滴,形成二次雾化,破碎后的水滴体积最小只有原体积的1.5%,对于激光能量的沉积有较大影响,所以在计算中必须考虑水滴变形和破碎模型。     

Tomographic determination of the spatial distribution of water vapor using GPS observations

With the advent of the GPS navigation system, a promising ground based technique has been introduced which makes it possible to estimate the amount of water vapor in the troposphere from operational GPS networks at relatively low additional costs. While the estimation of the integrated amount is currently well established, the determination of the spatial water vapor distribution and its temporal variation are still a major challenge. To account for the vertical resolution, several tomographic approaches were pursued. We developed the software package AWATOS (atmospheric water vapor tomography software) which is based on the assimilation of double differenced GPS observations. Applying a least-squares inversion, the inhomogeneous spatial distribution of water vapor is determined. An extensive investigation has been carried out in Switzerland. GPS measurements are performed by the dense permanent Swiss national GPS network AGNES of the Swiss Federal Office of Topography (swisstopo). A total of 40 equally distributed water vapor profiles have been estimated on an hourly basis. For the purpose of validation, 22 radiosonde profiles were used at the GPS and meteorological station Payerne. Furthermore, data of the numerical weather model aLMo (alpine model in Switzerland, MeteoSwiss) were compared with the tomographic results. An overall good agreement of the three methods with an rms of better than 1.6 g/m³ absolute humidity was achieved. The results show that AGNES can be used as a dedicated network for the purpose of GPS-tomography, using a horizontal resolution of approximately 50 km and height layers of 300–500 m thickness in the lower troposphere.     

UV光固化胶粘剂的研制

研制出了一种适用于高档家具玻璃、玻璃工艺器、水晶玻璃，光学玻璃等胶接用的丙烯酸系UV光固化胶粘剂，该胶粘接强度高、耐水性能好，玻璃接头在沸水中煮数十小时不剥离。     

纳米SiO2基复合隔热材料吸水性能

考察了纳米SiO2基复合隔热材料各组分添加量对吸水率的影响,同时针对复合材料吸水率高的问题,通过热处理和添加疏水纳米SiO2的方式来降低吸水率.结果表明:纳米Al2O3和无碱超细玻璃纤维对复合材料吸水率影响不大,添加锆英石会使材料吸水率升高.高温热处理会在一定程度上降低吸水率,但温度应控制在800℃以下.添加疏水纳米S...