脉冲等离子推力器羽流实验研究初探

脉冲等离子体推力器(Pulsed Plasma Thrusters,PPTs)具有体积小、结构简单、推力小、比冲高等特点,非常适用于目前正广泛开展研究的小型航天器的姿轨控系统,是电推进领域的研究热点之一。开展对PPTs羽流特性的研究是了解PPTs工作机理、分析其推力作用规律和探索性能提升方法的重要途径,本文对PPTs进行了概述,综述并分析了PPTs的羽流特点、研究现状,对实验中涉及到的羽流测量参数及方法进行了概括,对相关的等离子体诊断方法进行了重点介绍。     

霍尔推力器束流分布特性实验研究

为消除实验设备的影响,获得霍尔推力器羽流的真实特征信息,用在传统法拉第筒前加准直套的方法对推力器羽流进行了实验研究,得到了不同背景压力下离子电流密度的分布。结果表明:改进型法拉第筒能有效屏蔽电荷交换碰撞产生的低能离子,测得的离子电流密度分布更接近实际。     

羽流场与月壤颗粒相互作用的一种新计算方法

针对登月着陆器发动机下降过程中羽流场与月壤颗粒相互作用问题提出了一种新的计算方法。通过Morh\|Coulomb破坏准则确定月壤颗粒可以被羽流扬起的临界剪应力,采用动量原理计算被扬起的月壤颗粒的质量大小及形成的月坑深度;基于牛顿第二定律,采用羽流场与月壤颗粒的流固耦合相互迭代的计算方法,获得被扬起月壤颗粒随时间的质量分布等。本文通过美国Apollo 11登月过程实测数据对该新方法进行了验证,为人类探月工程提供一定数据参考。     

Hall推力器羽流数值模拟

以稳态等离子体推力器(SPT)羽流流场为研究对象,基于直接蒙特卡罗模拟与粒子单元混合方法建立数值模型,模拟等离子体稳态流动,研究流场特性。将计算结果与实验数据相比较,并与同类推力器羽流参数进行比较,以保证仿真可靠性。研究表明,所建立的仿真模型能够较好地预测SPT羽流电子数密度和离子电流密度等参数。     

导弹尾喷流形成的碰撞流场数值模拟

采用计算流体力学方法,从曲线坐标NS方程出发,取用NND2M差分格式,对导弹发射时与地面形成碰撞喷流流场进行数值模拟,计算结果和实验数据符合较好。在此基础上,分析了碰撞喷流的流场结构及特性。     

煤油-氧火焰中铁的辐射光谱实验研究

为了对羽流激波中金属光谱特性进行研究,用煤油-氧火焰气体模拟煤油-氧发动机的羽流,以二茂铁溶于煤油模拟发动机材料铁的磨损,给出不同混合比下铁在火焰中辐射光谱的实验与仿真结果.实验光谱数据随铁的浓度不同而变化,理论光谱与实验结果吻合较好,验证了羽流中金属原子辐射光谱的仿真程序.为基于羽流光谱分析的发动机故障诊断研究奠定了实验与理论基础.     

Numerical study on similarity of plume infrared radiation between reduced-scale solid rocket motors

This study seeks to determine the similarities in plume radiation between reduced and full-scale solid rocket models in ground test conditions through investigation of flow and radiation for a series of scale ratios ranging from 0.1 to 1. The radiative transfer equation(RTE) considering gas and particle radiation in a non-uniform plume has been adopted and solved by the finite volume method(FVM) to compute the three dimensional, spectral and directional radiation of a plume in the infrared waveband 2–6 μm. Conditions at wavelengths 2.7 μm and 4.3 μm are discussed in detail, and ratios of plume radiation for reduced-scale through full-scale models are examined. This work shows that, with increasing scale ratio of a computed rocket motor, area of the hightemperature core increases as a 2 power function of the scale ratio, and the radiation intensity of the plume increases with 2–2.5 power of the scale ratio. The infrared radiation of plume gases shows a strong spectral dependency, while that of Al_2O_3 particles shows spectral continuity of gray media.Spectral radiation intensity of a computed solid rocket plume's high temperature core increases significantly in peak radiation spectra of plume gases CO and CO_2. Al_2O_3 particles are the major radiation component in a rocket plume. There is good similarity between contours of plume spectral radiance from different scale models of computed rockets, and there are two peak spectra of radiation intensity at wavebands 2.7–3.0 μm and 4.2–4.6 μm. Directed radiation intensity of the entire plume volume will rise with increasing elevation angle.     

一种超声速射流计算方法与实验验证

高温射流流场计算是尾焰辐射目标特性计算的前提,然而由于缺少可靠实验数据,针对湍流超声速射流的数值模拟多集中于低温射流,高温射流计算与实验的对比工作还很少见。利用k-ωSST双方程湍流模型,模拟了多个典型超声速射流实验的流场速度与温度分布,通过与实验结果进行对比,建立了一种超声速射流计算方法。首先,通过对比多个低温射流的实验与计算结果,探索了湍流模型中可压缩修正以及来流湍动粘性比对超声速射流计算结果的影响;进而,针对火箭发动机尾焰实验,计算尾焰流场与流场红外辐射,流场辐射计算结果与实验观测结果符合较好,进一步验证了计算方法。最终认为经过可压缩修正的k-ωSST双方程湍流模型结合湍动粘性比取值30可以作为超声射流计算中较为典型的湍流计算方法。     

Gaseous plume flows in space propulsion

This paper presents a gaskinetic study on high-speed, highly rarefied jets expanding into a vacuum from a cluster of planar or annular exits. Based on the corresponding exact expressions for a planar or annular jet, it is convenient to derive the combined multiple jet flowfield solutions of density and velocity components. For the combined temperature and pressure solutions, extra attention is needed. Several direct simulation Monte Carlo simulation results are provided to validate these analytical solutions. The analytical and numerical solutions are essentially identical for these high Knudsen number jet flows.     

Plume aerodynamic effects of cushion engine in lunar landing

 During the second period of China "Tanyue" Project, the explorer will softland on the moon. The cushion engines are used to decelerate the explorer and reduce the impact on the lunar ground. It is necessary to study its plume effects on the explorer component. The self-developed PWS (Plume WorkStation) software based on direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) method is used to simulate the plume effects of two 150 N engines. Due to the complex structure of the explorer, PWS uses a decoupling method to treat the boundary mesh, which mainly interacts with simulation particles, and has no relation with the computational grids. After the analytical expressions of plane surfaces and curved surfaces of each boundary block are given, the particle position within or without the boundary blocks can be easily determined. Finally the 3D plume field of two 150 N engines is simulated. The pressure, temperature and velocity distributions of plume field are clearly presented by three characteristic slices. The aerodynamic effects on the explorer bottom, the landfall legs and antenna are separately shown. The compression influence on the plume flow of four landfall legs can be observed.