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71.
文章概括介绍了"发现号"宇宙飞船的布局结构。然后详细介绍了飞船用于火星探测的两种着陆舱的具体设计方案以及载人火星探测的任务剖面。最后分析了"发现号"宇宙飞船火星探测方案的关键可行技术和诸多设计优点。 相似文献
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M. Durante L. Manti 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2008
The main long-term objective of the space exploration program is the colonization of the planets of the Solar System. The high cosmic radiation equivalent dose rate represents an inescapable problem for the safe establishment of permanent human settlements on these planets. The unshielded equivalent dose rate on Mars ranges between 100 and 200 mSv/year, depending on the Solar cycle and altitude, and can reach values as high as 360 mSv/year on the Moon. The average annual effective dose on Earth is about 3 mSv, nearly 85% of which comes from natural background radiation, reduced to less than 1 mSv if man-made sources and the internal exposure to Rn daughters are excluded. However, some areas on Earth display anomalously high levels of background radiation, as is the case with thorium-rich monazite bearing sand deposits where values 200–400 times higher than the world average can be found. About 2% of the world’s population live above 3 km and receive a disproportionate 10% of the annual effective collective dose due to cosmic radiation, with a net contribution to effective dose by the neutron component which is 3–4 fold that at sea level. Thus far, epidemiological studies have failed to show any adverse health effects in the populations living in these terrestrial high-background radiation areas (HBRA), which provide an unique opportunity to study the health implications of an environment that, as closely as possibly achievable on Earth, resembles the chronic exposure of future space colonists to higher-than-normal levels of ionizing radiation. Chromosomal aberrations in the peripheral blood lymphocytes from the HBRA residents have been measured in several studies because chromosomal damage represents an early biomarker of cancer risk. Similar cytogenetic studies have been recently performed in a cohort of astronauts involved in single or repeated space flights over many years. The cytogenetic findings in populations exposed to high dose-rate background radiation on Earth or in space will be discussed. 相似文献
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文章主要介绍了美国火星探测用降落伞研制过程以及在研制过程中的一些主要试验,并同时指出了试验中的一些特点。 相似文献
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为研究跨超声速阶段来流马赫数、来流攻角及配平翼展开角的变化对进入器壁面脉动压力环境的影响规律,本文采用脱体涡方法对火星进入器模型开展非定常数值模拟,获取壁面不同位置处的脉动压力信息。研究表明:在跨超声速阶段,进入器壁面脉动压力环境随马赫数的增加而趋于减缓。配平翼迎风面分离区受脱体激波影响明显,当来流马赫数较小时,可压缩效应较弱,分离区涡流运动剧烈,诱导的脉动压力环境较强;随着来流马赫数的增加,脱体激波对分离区抑制作用增强,分离区运动受到限制,诱导的脉动压力环境趋于平缓。此外,随着来流攻角增加,配平翼迎风面上再附点的位置向翼根方向转移,从而使翼根处的脉动压力环境趋于恶劣。当配平翼展开180°时,分离区再附点位置基本固定,配平翼迎风面脉动压力环境得到一定程度的减缓。功率谱分析表明,在配平翼迎风面上诱导的脉动压力能量主要集中在中低频区域。 相似文献
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In September 2011, the European Space Agency (ESA) and the German Space Agency (DLR) organized the first European SpaceTweetup during the German Aerospace day. One of the authors was one of 60 participants at this SpaceTweetup in Cologne and experienced the concept of a Tweetup and the engagement of the participants from the inside view. 相似文献