基于激光测距的月球探测重载六足机器人自主避障控制

月面未知环境下具有高承载力的六足移动机器人是月球探测中不可或缺的装备。六足机器人虽然可以借助足地接触信息和姿态信息在不平坦路面行走，在遇到较小障碍物时可以做出适当的反射动作，但当遇到无法逾越的障碍物时，基于视觉信息实现腿式机器人避障运动是非常重要的。针对电驱动六边形对称分布的六足机器人，基于激光测距仪的信息实现了模拟月壤地面的地形建模，提出基于虚拟机体模型的自主避障策略，获得最优可行方向和运动最短距离，规划了实时避障的机体和足端运动轨迹。实验结果表明,六足机器人可以实时、准确地跟踪避障策略得到实时偏航角度，实现了机器人在未知环境下的自主避障运动，为月球探测重载足式机器人研究奠定了基础。     

月球着陆器两相流体回路性能衰退分析与验证

针对嫦娥三号着陆器两相流体回路12个月球昼夜的寿命需求，开展了氨分解导致两相流体回路传热温差增量的分析和试验验证，结果表明寿命末期不凝气体引起传热温差增量不超过2.2 ℃，同位素核热源(RHU)向探测器的供热量减小0.6 W，设备温度整体降低0.6 ℃，对热控系统影响可忽略。根据在轨遥测，寿命周期内，两相流体回路工作在45 ℃~50 ℃时不凝气体引起的传热温差增量不超过1.5 ℃，与地面验证结果吻合较好；经历52个月球昼夜周期内，传热温差在3.5 ℃~4.7 ℃内波动，在轨工作良好。     

月面热环境的反演研究

以嫦娥三号巡视器月面日食期间非稳态的温度遥测数据为基础，通过建立月壤及巡视器的传热模型，反演了日食期间月面温度的变化，并给出了符合巡视器温度遥测的月壤热物性参数取值范围。在此基础上，对月面热环境进行了分析研究。结果表明，本文反演的月壤平均导热系数大于常见取值，而比热却明显小于常见取值。采用反演的热物性值计算的月表温度与之前认识相符，但对月壤内部热环境有新发现，其温度梯度相对减小而恒温层厚度则明显增大。     

基于多圆锥曲线法的着陆器奔月轨道设计与特性分析

针对载人登月任务中人货分运飞行模式，精确快速设计了着陆器(LM)的奔月轨道，分析了轨道窗口特性。以着陆器的奔月出发时刻、纬度幅角和加速脉冲为设计变量，基于多圆锥曲线法动力学模型，利用序列二次规划（SQP）优化算法对奔月轨道快速求解。在地心白道系下提出了近月点伪经度判别准则，该方法可为轨道设计参数初值提供正确参考。最后以伪倾角为窗口特性分析参数，发现了近月点窗口、近地点出发位置的变化规律。仿真结果表明，本文提出的伪经度搜索方法能够快速求解着陆器地月转移轨道，同时揭示了环月到达轨道(LLO)与近地出发轨道(LEO)之间的内在联系，研究结论可为未来载人登月工程提供借鉴。     

Exploration life support technology challenges for the Crew Exploration Vehicle and future human missions

As NASA implements the U.S. Space Exploration Policy, life support systems must be provided for an expanding sequence of exploration missions. NASA has implemented effective life support for Apollo, the Space Shuttle, and the International Space Station (ISS) and continues to develop advanced systems. This paper provides an overview of life support requirements, previously implemented systems, and new technologies being developed by the Exploration Life Support Project for the Orion Crew Exploration Vehicle (CEV) and Lunar Outpost and future Mars missions. The two contrasting practical approaches to providing space life support are (1) open loop direct supply of atmosphere, water, and food, and (2) physicochemical regeneration of air and water with direct supply of food. Open loop direct supply of air and water is cost effective for short missions, but recycling oxygen and water saves costly launch mass on longer missions. Because of the short CEV mission durations, the CEV life support system will be open loop as in Apollo and Space Shuttle. New life support technologies for CEV that address identified shortcomings of existing systems are discussed. Because both ISS and Lunar Outpost have a planned 10-year operational life, the Lunar Outpost life support system should be regenerative like that for ISS and it could utilize technologies similar to ISS. The Lunar Outpost life support system, however, should be extensively redesigned to reduce mass, power, and volume, to improve reliability and incorporate lessons learned, and to take advantage of technology advances over the last 20 years. The Lunar Outpost design could also take advantage of partial gravity and lunar resources.     

非结构化环境下月球车快速即时定位与制图方法

激光雷达的实时环境扫描与已构建环境模型之间的匹配是月球车即时定位与制图(SLAM)过程中的关键步骤,其收敛速度和准确性直接决定了SLAM的成败。月球表面是一种典型非结构化环境,其环境场景特征复杂。若通过三维激光匹配方式则传感器数据量大,特征匹配的难度高,实时性差。针对于此,本文提出了一种基于ICP算法的激光点扫描匹配方法－类等高线匹配方法,将二维激光雷达的实时扫描数据与已构建的三维环境高程图相匹配,利用RBPF粒子滤波实现位姿与地图状态的估计,采用自行研制的小型激光雷达硬件平台,较好地实现了月球车原理样机的快速SLAM过程。实验表明,基于该方法的即时定位与制图过程对于月球车位姿估计的鲁棒性强,实时性好。     

月球探测器软着陆机构

综述了月球探测器软着陆机构的应用与发展现状。介绍了软着陆机构的性能要求和组成,并根据着陆腿结构和缓冲器种类对软着陆机构进行了分类。讨论了着陆器主体设计、着陆腿结构和缓冲器的模块化设计。阐述了着陆器发射、在轨飞行、着陆和着陆后阶段的动力学研究内容。分析了缓冲器设计、着陆机构基本构型设计,以及缓冲器与基本构型主要参数配置等关键技术,对月球探测器软着陆机构设计有一定的参考意义。     

月球探测器LP精密定轨及月球重力场模型解算

对美国1998年发射的月球探测器LP任务阶段共19个月的双程测距测速轨道跟踪数据进行了精密定轨,对定轨结果通过轨道残差及重复弧段差异进行了精度评价。利用LP正常任务阶段三个月的轨道跟踪数据进行了月球重力场模型解算,通过重力场功率谱、轨道残差和月球自由空气重力异常对解算模型进行了精度评价。结果表明精密定轨及月球重力场模型解算合理。对进一步融合嫦娥一号轨道跟踪数据和LP数据解算自主的高精度月球重力场模型具有参考意义。
　
     

Chang'E-1 Lunar Mission:An Overview and Primary Science Results

Chang'E-1 is the first lunar mission in China, which was successfully launched on Oct. 24th, 2007. It was guided to crash on the Moon on March 1, 2009, at 52.36oE, 1.50oS, in the north of Mare Fecunditatis. The total mission lasted 495 days, exceeding the designed life-span about four months. 1.37 Terabytes raw data was received from Chang'E-1. It was then processed into 4 Terabytes science data at different levels. A series of science results have been achieved by analyzing and applicating these data, especially "global image of the Moon of China's first lunar exploration mission'. Four scientific goals of Chang'E-1 have been achieved. It provides abundant materials for the research of lunar sciences and cosmochemistry. Meanwhile these results will serve for China's future lunar missions.      

考虑月球扁率修正的月球卫星自主导航

针对月球扁率对月球紫外敏感器的月心方向矢量确定的不利影响,研究了月球紫外敏感器的测量原理和敏感到月平边缘时满足的几何约束,提出了一种考虑月球扁率的月心矢量确定方法。并进一步的结合地球敏感器和太阳敏感器的测量信息,研究了基于日地月方位信息的月球卫星自主轨道算法,并评估了月球方位确定算法对导航精度的影响。仿真结果表明,在太阳敏感器、地球敏感器和月球敏感器的精度分别为0.02°(3σ)、 0.05°(3σ) 和0.1°(3σ)的假设下,考虑月球扁率修正的月球卫星的自主导航位置精度能达到300m(3σ),导航速度误差能达到0.6m/s(3σ), 从而保证了环月卫星的导航精度。