可重复使用运载器的耐坠毁缓冲装置的设计优化

针对采用四腿式着陆支架的可重复使用运载器，提出一种油气-蜂窝两级缓冲的新型耐坠毁缓冲装置，常规油气缓冲器实现重复使用，危险工况下蜂窝缓冲器实现耐坠毁功能。建立了运载器着陆动力学模型，给出了运载器着陆的四种极限工况及铝蜂窝压溃载荷的求解方法，基于径向基(RBF)代理模型，采用多学科协同优化方法，对多工况下运载器两级缓冲装置设计参数进行了优化。结果表明，多学科协同优化方法有着较好的准确性，优化后运载器的最大过载和缓冲支柱载荷峰值均得到降低。最后，对比了单独油气缓冲器与两级耐坠毁缓冲装置下运载器的着陆响应，结果表明，使用两级耐坠毁缓冲装置在降低运载器最大着陆过载和缓冲支柱载荷峰值上有着较为明显的优势。     

国外载人航天器回收着陆技术的进展

进入21世纪,国际上掀起了一个空间探索活动的新高潮,而作为载人空间探索活动重要支撑的回收和着陆技术也相应取得了重要进展。文章综述了关、欧、俄在载人飞船、登月舱、火星着陆器等载人航天器回收着陆技术方面的研究和进展。     

月球探测器软着陆机构着陆腿模型与仿真分析

给出了着陆动力学分析的数学模型,并在分析铝蜂窝材料缓冲特性的基础上,建立了 铝蜂窝缓冲器模型,将其应用于软着陆机构单条着陆腿冲击仿真。仿真结果表明,该模型在 缓冲行程、能量吸收及缓冲后加速度响应峰值等方面与试验结果基本一致。为软着陆机构着 陆冲击动力学分析时铝蜂窝建模提供参考。     

月球着陆器典型故障模式分析

为提高月球着陆器着陆可靠性,需识别潜在的故障模式对稳定性着陆带来的影响。建立了着陆器的动力学模型,给出了着陆器着陆时的七种极限工况,作为故障模式分析的基础;针对动力下降段三种典型故障模式,即主发动机延时关机、储箱残留液体着陆和触月信号延迟发出,建立与延时关机对应的上抛、平抛运动和数学关系,与残留液体着陆等效的单摆模型,施加触月信号延迟发出所产生的推力曲线,利用Adams软件进行动力学仿真;结果表明储箱残留液体着陆影响较小,另外两种故障模式使着陆时抗倾倒性能和缓冲性能恶化,增加着陆不稳定性。     

Identification and characterization of science-rich landing sites for lunar lander missions using integrated remote sensing observations

Despite more than 52 years of lunar exploration, a wide range of first-order scientific questions remain about the Moon’s formation, temporal evolution, and current surface and interior properties. Addressing many of these questions requires obtaining new in situ analyses or return of lunar surface or shallow subsurface samples, and hence rely on the selection of optimal landing sites. Here, we present an approach to optimize science-rich lunar landing site selection studies based on the integration of remote sensing observations. Currently available remote sensing data, as well as features of interest published in the recent literature, were integrated in a Geographic Information System. This numerical database contains geographic information about all these findings, which can be consulted and used to simultaneously display multiple features and parameters of interest. To illustrate our approach, we identified the optimal landing sites to address the two top priorities (or goals) relative to Concept 3 of the National Research Council of the National Academies (2007), namely to ‘Determine the extent and composition of the primary feldspathic crust, (ur)KREEP layer, and other products of differentiation’ and to ‘Inventory the variety, age, distribution and origin of lunar rock types’. We review site requirements and propose possible landing sites for both these goals. We identified 29 sites that best fulfill both these goals and compare them with the landing sites of planned future lunar lander missions. Finally, we detail two of these science-rich sites (Aristarchus and Theophilus craters) which are particularly accessible through their location on the nearside.     

Whole-process design and experimental validation of landing gear lower drag stay with global/local linked driven optimization strategy

Landing gear lower drag stay is a key component which connects fuselage and landing gear and directly effects the safety and performance of aircraft takeoff and landing. To effectively design the lower drag stay and reduce the weight of landing gear, Global/local Linked Driven Optimization Strategy (GLDOS) was developed to conduct the overall process design of lower drag stay in respect of optimization thought. The whole-process optimization involves two stages of structural conceptual design and detailed design. In the structural conceptual design, the landing gear lower drag stay was globally topologically optimized by adopting multiple starting points algorithm. In the detailed design, the local size and shape of landing gear lower drag stay were globally optimized by the gradient optimization strategy. The GLDOS method adopts different optimization strategies for different optimization stages to acquire the optimum design effect. Through the experimental validation, the weight of the optimized lower dray stay with the developed GLDOS is reduced by 16.79% while keeping enough strength and stiffness, which satisfies the requirements of engineering design under the typical loading conditions. The proposed GLDOS is validated to be accurate and efficient in optimization scheme and design cycles. The efforts of this paper provide a whole-process optimization approach regarding different optimization technologies in different design phases, which is significant in reducing structural weight and enhance design precision for complex structures in aircrafts.     

升力式再入飞行器两种可达区域计算方法的探讨

对2种计算升力式再入飞行器可达区域的方法进行了分析和探讨。首先建立了飞行器三自由度运动方程模型和升力式飞行器基于准平衡假设下的简化模型;然后基于最优控制方法,考虑过程约束和终端约束推导了闭环倾侧角控制律,采用双参数搜索法求取不同纵程下的最大横程;最后,以一种升力式飞行器为例分别用优化方法和常值倾侧角法进行仿真分析,结果表明常值倾侧角法可以代替优化方法进行分析与设计。     

CJ1飞机在湿和污染跑道上的起飞着陆性能分析

2009年12月中国民用航空局(CAAC)下发了咨询通告《航空承运人湿跑道和污染跑道运行管理规定》(AC-121-FS-2009-33)。咨询通告给出了干、湿和污染跑道的定义并明确了相应的起飞着陆性能要求,强调了进行到达时着陆距离评估的重要性。本文结合法规对CJ1在湿和污染跑道的起飞性能和着陆性能进行了分析。     

月球探测器软着陆机构展开动力学仿真分析

可展开的软着陆机构是月球探测器的重要组成部分。以带间隙的多体系统动力学理论 为基础,针对一型采用四支撑悬臂式软着陆机构的月球探测器在ADAMS中建立了虚拟样机模 型,分别就主着陆腿系统结构柔性,主着陆腿与基体连接间隙,展开驱动力及探测器自旋等 因素对软着陆机构展开过程的影响进行了仿真分析。结果表明,在机构展开锁定瞬间由于结 构柔性会产生难以衰减的振动,而间隙在一定程度上有利于该振动衰减。展开驱动力越大, 展开越快,锁定激振振幅越大,但由展开进入稳定状态所需总时间可更短。探测器自旋则有 助于机构的展开,但自旋速度较高时对结构振动有明显影响。该结果可为软着陆机构展开方 案的设计提供帮助。
     

基于图像的着陆点评估及探测器运动估计方法

针对深空探测任务特点给出了一种基于导航图像的探测器着陆点选择与探测器运 动估计技术。考虑到在着陆初始阶段(探测器高度＞2 km)导航相机所拍摄到的天体表面 近似为平面。这里通过跟踪至少4个平面内的特征点在导航图像序列 中的位置, 利用最小二乘法计算单应矩阵,由该矩阵得到探测器部分相对运动参数。结合激光测距仪给 出的探测器与天体表面之间的距离信息,可以得到全部6自由度参数。安全着陆点的选择与 评估首先利用图像灰度预选出平整的着陆点,再由着陆点对应的单应矩阵和之前获得的帧间 相对运动验证着陆点坡度。蒙特卡洛仿真结果表明,着陆点评估算法能够有效地选取满足平 整和坡度要求的着陆点,运动估计算法实时地对探测器参数进行估计,平移估计相对误 差小于10％,旋转估计误差小于0.23°。