吊舱发电系统涵道式冲压空气涡轮叶片性能的研究

涵道式冲压空气涡轮是提供飞机吊舱自主发电系统能量的关键部件,其性能直接影响系统的效率。在对比了不同翼型的气动性能之后,优选出具有NACA6321、NACA23015和NACA4412三种翼型的叶片NACAZ1、NACAZ2和NACAZ3作为吊舱发电系统实验用涡轮叶片。采用优化Glauert方法,对上述3种叶片的推力系数、扭矩系数、功率系数与叶尖速比之间的关系进行了计算。计算结果表明:同样风速条件下,NACAZ2的推力系数和扭矩系数最大,NACAZ1的最小;在叶尖速比为2时,NACAZ2叶片的功率系数比NACAZ1的大16%。实验表明:NACAZ2的功率系数最大,NACAZ3的功率系数与NACAZ2的相近,叶尖速比为2时,NACAZ2的功率系数比NACAZ1的大37%。具有NACAZ2叶片的实验涡轮启动性能好,输出功率较大,综合性能较优。     

基于周期性边界条件的机织复合材料多尺度分析

针对平纹机织复合材料,首先从微观纤维直径尺度,采用三维实体有限元方法计算纤维束的等效性能参数。然后将这些参数代入细观尺度的机织单胞模型中,得到宏观结构的平均弹性常数。在两个尺度有限元的分析中,均摒弃了传统有限元分析中采用的等应力或等应变假设,引入周期性边界条件,同时保证了周期性单胞边界面的应力连续和位移连续。分析结果表明,对于机织周期性单胞,在剪切和拉伸情况下其边界面均不全部保持为平面,纠正了此前认为在拉伸情况下单胞边界面仍保持平面的错误假设。纤维束分析结果与使用实验修正参数的细观力学理论公式结果吻合良好,织物单胞的分析结果也与弯曲层板组合模型结果较为接近,证明了分析方法的正确性。     

旋翼翼型非定常动态失速特性的CFD模拟及参数分析

构建了一套基于运动嵌套网格技术和可压缩RANS方程的旋翼翼型非定常流动特性模拟的高效、高精度的CFD方法。首先,发展了基于Poisson方程求解的围绕翼型的粘性贴体正交网格生成方法,并提出了基于最小距离法(MDM)改进策略的运动嵌套网格生成方法,克服了弹簧法可能导致网格畸变的不足;其次,为准确模拟由湍流分离和气流再附引起的气动力的迟滞效应,基于RANS方程、双时间方法和高阶插值格式,建立了旋翼翼型非定常气动特性分析的高精度数值方法,并采用能够较好捕捉气流分离现象的S-A湍流模型;再次,针对旋翼后行桨叶动态失速时桨叶剖面来流速度较低、迎角较大的特点,为解决低来流速度时L-B半经验模型在旋翼翼型非定常动态失速计算中的局限性,并克服可压缩方程对低速流场计算收敛困难和精度低的问题,建立了基于Pletcher-Chen低速预处理方法、FAS多重网格法和隐式LU-SGS方法相结合的高效数值方法。应用发展的方法,分别针对NACA0012、SC1095旋翼翼型静态和轻度、深度动态失速进行计算,精确捕捉了气动力迟滞效应以及翼型前缘脱体涡的产生、对流和脱落过程,验证了本文方法的有效性;最后,着重针对NACA0012动态失速状态,开展了振荡参数对旋翼翼型非定常动态失速特性影响的分析,研究结果表明翼型迎角平均值、振幅及减缩频率的变化均能引起迟滞效应的改变并使得气动力峰值发生有规律的前、后移现象等。     

CIVA

CIVA (Comet Infrared and Visible Analyser) is an integrated set of imaging instruments, designed to characterize the 360^∘ panorama (CIVA-P) as seen from the Rosetta Lander Philae, and to study surface and subsurface samples (CIVA-M). CIVA-P is a panoramic stereo camera, while CIVA-M is an optical microscope coupled to a near infrared microscopic hyperspectral imager. CIVA shares a common Imaging Main Electronics (IME) with ROLIS. CIVA-P will characterize the landing site, with an angular sampling (IFOV) of 1.1 mrad: each pixel will image a 1 mm size feature at the distance of the landing legs, and a few metres at the local horizon. The panorama will be mapped by 6 identical miniaturized micro-cameras covering contiguous FOV, with their optical axis 60^∘ apart. Stereoscopic capability will be provided by an additional micro-camera, identical to and co-aligned with one of the panoramic micro-camera, with its optical axis displaced by 10 cm. CIVA-M combines two ultra-compact and miniaturised microscopes, one operating in the visible and one constituting an IR hyperspectral imaging spectrometer: they will characterize, by non-destructive analyses, the texture, the albedo, the molecular and the mineralogical composition of each of the samples provided by the Sample Drill and Distribution (SD2) system. For the optical microscope, the spatial sampling is 7 μm; for the IR, the spectral range (1–4 μm) and the spectral sampling (5 nm) have been chosen to allow identification of most minerals, ices and organics, on each pixel, 40 μm in size. After being studied by CIVA, the sample could be analysed by a subsequent experiment (PTOLEMY and/or COSAC). The process would be repeated for each sample obtained at different depths and/or locations.     

A toolpath strategy for improving geometric accuracy in double-sided incremental sheet forming

The double-sided incremental forming (DSIF) improved the process flexibility compared to other incremental sheet forming (ISF) processes. Despite the flexible nature, it faces the challenge of low geometric precision like ISF variants. In this work, two strategies are used to overcome this. First, a novel method is employed to determine the optimal support tool location for improving geometric precision. In this method, the toolpath oriented the tools to each other systematically in the circumferential direction. Besides, it squeezed the sheet by the same amount at the point of interest. The impacts of various support tool positions in the circumferential direction are evaluated for geometric precision. The results demonstrate that the support tool should support the master tool within 10° to its local normal in the circumferential direction to improve the geometric accuracy. Second, a two-stage process reduced the geometric error of the part by incrementally accommodating the springback error by artificially increasing the step size for the second stage. With the optimal support tool position and two-stage DSIF, the geometric precision of the part has improved significantly. The proposed method is compared to the best DSIF toolpath strategies for geometric accuracy, surface roughness, forming time, and sheet thickness fluctuations using grey relational analysis (GRA). It outperforms the other toolpath strategies including single-stage DSIF, accumulative double-sided incremental forming (ADSIF), and two-stage mixed double sided incremental forming (MDSIF). Our approach can improve geometric precision in complex parts by successfully employing the support tool and managing the springback incrementally.     

基于CFD和混合配平算法的直升机旋翼地面效应模拟

建立了一套基于非结构网格技术和动量源模型的直升机旋翼计算流体力学(CFD)方法,用来模拟贴地飞行时直升机旋翼非定常气动特性。其中,控制方程采用三维Navier-Stokes方程,空间方向上采用Jameson格式,时间方向上采用五步Runge-Kutta迭代法,选用Spalart-Allmaras湍流模型。旋翼对流场的作用采用动量源项模拟,为更真实地模拟地面效应(IGE)的作用,采用了"移动地面"的物面边界来代替常规的"固定地面"边界,并对旋翼附近及旋翼与地面之间的网格进行加密处理,以提高地面涡的捕捉精度。考虑实际飞行环境下旋翼的运动和操纵,在流场计算时考虑旋翼配平特性。其中,配平方程的旋翼气动力通过CFD方法和动量-叶素组合理论模型的耦合计算给出,为了提高配平方法的鲁棒性和效率,提出并建立了基于遗传算法/拟牛顿法的高效混合迭代算法。运用所建立的方法,首先,选用有试验结果可供对比的算例计算了地面效应作用下的旋翼拉力增益、功率变化,验证了计算方法的有效性,解决了涡流理论方法较难模拟的"小速度前飞旋翼需用功率突增"问题。然后,着重研究了UH-60A直升机旋翼在不同离地高度、不同前进比状态,旋翼需用功率、诱导速度、地面涡及旋翼操纵的变化规律。计算结果表明:地面涡出现在较小的前进比范围内,随前进比的增大,地面涡在纵向平面将顺来流方向移动,在轴向方位靠近地面方向移动,直至最后不断减弱消失。     

试探目前工程造价机制中的问题及解决的思路

本文阐述了工程造价管理的具体含义，分析了目前工程造价管理机制的现状及存在的主要问题，提出了逐步改革和完善工程造价管理机制的设想和思路。     

Analysis Approach to Durability Based on Material Initial Fatigue Quality and S-N Curve

Based on probabilistic fracture mechanics approach, a new concept of material initial fatigue quality (MIFQ) is developed. Then, the relation between S-N curve and crack propagation curve is studied. From the study, a new durability analysis method is presented. In this method, S-N curve is used to determine crack growth rate under constant amplitude loading and evaluate the effects of different factors on durability and then the structural durability is analyzed. The tests and analyses indicate that this method has lower dependence on testing, and higher accuracy, reliability and generality and is convenient for application.     

一种有效支持空间分析的空间数据组织

Ｒｅａｌｍｓ是一种用于描述空间平面的数学模型。它提出了一种所有空间对象共享一个共同的空间元素集合的思想以及一种空间元素的排序规则。这些特点使得二维空间能够线性化为一维有序的元素集合，将二维空间问题转化为一维线性问题，从而使得基于Ｒｅａｌｍｓ的空间数据组织能有效地支持平面扫描算法。通过对空间对象的简单扫描，能够实现多数空间分析算法。以Ｒｅａｌｍｓ为基础实现空间数据管理系统能取得较高的效率，并且降低了     

复合材料蜂窝夹芯结构修理后强度研究

对复合材料蜂窝夹芯结构受损伤之后的几种典型修理方法及修理材料、修理工艺等内容进行了试验研究。试验件分别模拟伤及单侧面板的非穿透损伤和伤及双侧面板的穿透损伤,分别采用单侧挖补、单侧加衬挖补和双面贴补法进行修理,然后进行面内单向压缩试验。给出了复合材料蜂窝夹芯结构修理前后的刚度和强度变化规律。为了同试验结果进行对比,还采用 NASTRAN软件对典型的非穿透挖补修理件进行了三维有限元应力分析,计算结果与试验结果吻合较好。