The possibilities of polar meteorology,environmental remote sensing,communications and space weather applications from Artificial Lagrange Orbit

The ability to observe meteorological events in the polar regions of the Earth from satellite celebrated an anniversary, with the launch of TIROS-I in a pseudo-polar orbit on 1 April 1960. Yet, after 50 years, polar orbiting satellites are still the best view of the polar regions of the Earth. The luxuries of geostationary satellite orbit including rapid scan operations, feature tracking, and atmospheric motion vectors (or cloud drift winds), are enjoyed only by the middle and tropical latitudes or perhaps only cover the deep polar regions in the case of satellite derived winds from polar orbit. The prospect of a solar sailing satellite system in an Artificial Lagrange Orbit (ALO, also known as “pole sitters”) offers the opportunity for polar environmental remote sensing, communications, forecasting and space weather monitoring. While there are other orbital possibilities to achieve this goal, an ALO satellite system offers one of the best analogs to the geostationary satellite system for routine polar latitude observations.     

无人机在恶劣气象条件下的自主决策技术

无人机(UAV)在实际战场环境中受恶劣气象条件等许多不确定因素的影响,因此必须不断提高其自主决策能力。主要研究无人机自主探测恶劣气象并进行自主决策的问题,首先介绍了影响无人机飞行的典型恶劣气象条件,然后提出了利用机载传感器获取气象信息并建立恶劣气象数学模型的方案,并提出了采用专家系统理论解决无人机遭遇恶劣气象时的自主决策问题。最后,对无人机在风切变、雷暴和紊流3种常见恶劣气象下的自主决策过程进行仿真。经分析,决策结果合理,仿真结果验证了该方法的可行性和有效性。     

Lower ionosphere response to external forcing: A brief review

There are two ways of external forcing of the lower ionosphere, the region below an altitude of about 100 km: (1) From above, which is directly or indirectly of solar origin. (2) From below, which is directly or indirectly of atmospheric origin. The external forcing of solar origin consists of two general factors – solar ionizing radiation variability and space weather. The solar ionization variability consist mainly from the 11-year solar cycle, the 27-day solar rotation and solar flares, strong flares being very important phenomenon in the daytime lower ionosphere due to the enormous increase of the solar X-ray flux resulting in temporal terminating of MF and partly LF and HF radio wave propagation due to heavy absorption of radio waves. Monitoring of the sudden ionospheric disturbances (SIDs – effects of solar flares in the lower ionosphere) served in the past as an important tool of monitoring the solar activity and its impacts on the ionosphere. Space weather effects on the lower ionosphere consist of many different but often inter-related phenomena, which govern the lower ionosphere variability at high latitudes, particularly at night. The most important space weather phenomenon for the lower ionosphere is strong geomagnetic storms, which affect substantially both the high- and mid-latitude lower ionosphere. As for forcing from below, it is caused mainly by waves in the neutral atmosphere, i.e. planetary, tidal, gravity and infrasonic waves. The most important and most studied waves are planetary and gravity waves. Another channel of the troposphere coupling to the lower ionosphere is through lightning-related processes leading to sprites, blue jets etc. and their ionospheric counterparts. These phenomena occur on very short time scales. The external forcing of the lower ionosphere has observationally been studied using predominantly ground-based methods exploiting in various ways the radio wave propagation, and by sporadic rocket soundings. All the above phenomena are briefly mentioned and some of them are treated in more detail.     

未来太空气象预报系统一瞥

文章从几个方面对太空气象预报系统进行了简单的介绍,包括:当前太空气象预报系统的水平;模板预报方案实施细则;实施模板方案的难度与可行性。作者关心我国对太空气象预报系统的研究,为进一步降低航天器发射风险、提高航天器运行可靠性而献计献策。     

对"航空气象"课程教学改革的思考

论述了对“航空气象”课进行教学改革的必要性,根据“航空气象”课教学中存在的问题,就教学内容、教学方法和教学手段等方面提出了改革的建议。     

防热结构的局部防热研究

对回收式返回器的分析结果表明,表面的突起物是防热结构局部过热的重要起因。分析了防热结构的局部过热现象,提出了一种局部防热结构设计分析方法。分析计算结果与地面试验和飞行结果进行了分析比较。     

弹道式再入航天器的烧蚀防热结构设计

介绍弹道式再入航天器烧蚀防热结构设计,文中说明了方案、材料选择、设计和分析计算。最后评价了这种防热结构。     

Classification of solar wind structures and intense geomagnetic storm alarms with self-organizing maps

Intense geomagnetic storms (D_st < −100 nT) usually occur when a large interplanetary duskward-electric field (with Ey > 5 mV m⁻¹) lasts for more than 3 h. In this article, a self-organizing map (SOM) neural network is used to recognize different patterns in the temporal variation of hourly averaged Ey data and to predict intense storms. The input parameters of SOM are the hourly averaged Ey data over 3 h. The output layer of the SOM has a total of 400 neurons. The hourly Ey data are calculated from solar wind data, which are provided by NSSDC OMNIWeb and ACE spacecraft and contain information on 143 intense storms and a fair number of moderate storms, weak storms and quiet periods between September 3, 1966 and June 30, 2002. Our results show that SOM is able to classify solar wind structures and therefore to give timely intense storm alarms. In our SOM, 21 neurons out of 400 are identified to be closely associated with the intense storms and they successfully predict 134 intense storms out of the 143 ones selected. In particular, there are 14 neurons for which, if one or more of them are present, the occurrence probability of intense storms is about 90%. In addition, several of these 14 neurons can predict big magnetic storm (D_st  −180 nT). In summary, our method achieves high accuracy in predicting intense geomagnetic storms and could be applied in space environment prediction.     

汽车密封条可重构生产线全生命周期评估

概述了LCA(L ife cycle assessm en t,全生命周期评价)基本内容,结合汽车车窗密封条可重构生产线的研究,给出了其系统边界、模型和设定。针对可重构生产线生命周期各个阶段,分析图表显示产生选定环境影响物质的数量,包括CO2、有害物质和能源消耗。LCA分析软件E co-IT计算结果显示,该密封条生产线的环境影响指数有11×103Pt来源于系统的使用阶段。超过5×103Pt的影响指数来源于加工或重建一个新系统,而通过重构系统只产生少于0.30×103Pt影响指数。本文旨在采用一个科学方法来评价可重构制造系统生命周期的能源消耗和环境影响因素,并给出可重构制造系统有益于可持续发展这一结论。     

On the correlation of the solar wind observed at the L5 point and at the Earth

The L5 point is a promising location for forecasting co-rotating high-speed streams in the solar wind arriving at the Earth. We correlated the solar wind data obtained by the Nozomi spacecraft in interplanetary space and by the Advanced Composition Explorer (ACE) at the L1 point, and found that the correlation is significantly improved from that of the 27-day recurrence of ACE data. Based on the correlation between the two spacecraft observations, we estimated the correlation of the solar wind velocity between the L5 point and at the Earth, and found that the correlation coefficient was about 0.78 in late 1999, while that of the 27-day recurrence was 0.51. Eighty-eight percent of the velocity difference falls within 100 km/s between the L5 point and the Earth. This demonstrates the potential capability of solar wind monitoring at the L5 point to forecast the geomagnetic disturbances 4.5 days in advance.