Numerical Simulations of the Warm-Hot Intergalactic Medium

In this paper we review the current predictions of numerical simulations for the origin and observability of the warm hot intergalactic medium (WHIM), the diffuse gas that contains up to 50 per cent of the baryons at z∼0. During structure formation, gravitational accretion shocks emerging from collapsing regions gradually heat the intergalactic medium (IGM) to temperatures in the range T∼10⁵–10⁷ K. The WHIM is predicted to radiate most of its energy in the ultraviolet (UV) and X-ray bands and to contribute a significant fraction of the soft X-ray background emission. While O vi and C iv absorption systems arising in the cooler fraction of the WHIM with T∼10⁵–10^5.5 K are seen in FUSE and Hubble Space Telescope observations, models agree that current X-ray telescopes such as Chandra and XMM-Newton do not have enough sensitivity to detect the hotter WHIM. However, future missions such as Constellation-X and XEUS might be able to detect both emission lines and absorption systems from highly ionised atoms such as O vii, O viii and Fe xvii.     

Modelling the effects of microgravity on the permeability of air interface respiratory epithelial cell layers

Although it has been suggested that microgravity might affect drug absorption in vivo, drug permeability across epithelial barriers has not yet been investigated in vitro during modelled microgravity. Therefore, a cell culture/diffusion chamber was designed specifically to accommodate epithelial cell layers in a 3D-clinostat and allow epithelial permeability to be measured under microgravity conditions in vitro with minimum alteration to established cell culture techniques. Human respiratory epithelial Calu-3 cell layers were used to model the airway epithelium. Cells grown at an air interface in the diffusion chamber from day 1 or day 5 after seeding on 24-well polyester Transwell cell culture inserts developed a similar transepithelial electrical resistance (TER) to cells cultured in conventional cell culture plates. Confluent Calu-3 layers exposed to modelled microgravity in the 3D-clinostat for up to 48 h maintained their high TER. The permeability of the paracellular marker ¹⁴C-mannitol was unaffected after a 24 h rotation of the cell layers in the 3D-clinostat, but was increased 2-fold after 48 h of modelled microgravity. It was demonstrated that the culture/diffusion chamber developed is suitable for culturing epithelial cell layers and, when subjected to rotation in the 3D-clinostat, will be a valuable in vitro system in which to study the influence of microgravity on epithelial permeability and drug transport.     

载人月面着陆及起飞技术初步研究

载人登月任务中最具特色的就是载人月面着陆及起飞过程,其技术体系丰富,是影响载人登月任务成败的关键环节。文章详细分析了载人月面着陆及起飞阶段的飞行方案,阐述了载人任务与无人任务设计准则上的区别,剖析了载人月面着陆及起飞技术的内涵。此外重点分析了低温推进剂蒸发量控制技术、10∶1深度变推力液体发动机技术、发动机推力矢量控制技术、大承载着陆缓冲技术、发动机羽流导流与防护技术、月尘清除及防护技术等六项与载人登月舱推进系统和结构系统相关的关键技术,分析提出了相应的技术途径和解决方案,对深入认识载人登月飞行器系统的技术体系及技术难度具有重要意义。     

液体火箭发动机阻尼机架减振特性研究

对具有橡胶——惯性结构的火箭发动机机架简化模型中动态载荷传播特性进行了研究。机架内动态载荷在依次通过橡胶-惯性结构粘贴位置时，携带的部分动能传递到橡胶材料内，导致机架内应力幅值显著低于能量交换前的应力。通过分析橡胶材料内外表面的速度，发现速度差引起了橡胶阻尼材料沿轴向发生剪切加载和卸载过程，并导致机架传递到橡胶材料的动态能量发生剪切变形的过程中被耗散吸收；此外，机架内动态载荷大小与机架内质点速度的变化量有关，机架内质点动能减小及运动速度降低是引起机架动态载荷幅值降低的根本原因。     

电化学浸渍液乙醇中铜铁镁含量的测试技术

运用空气-乙炔火焰原子吸收光谱法进行电化学浸渍液乙醇中铜、铁、镁含量的连续测试。介绍了铜、铁、镁最佳测定条件及呈良好线性范围的浓度。同时对样品消化处理条件及在测定中样品的干扰因素进行了综合考虑,该方法具有很好的灵敏度、很好的复现性。同时具有方法步骤简单、操作容易掌握等特点,对样品铜、铁、镁含量的连续测试,其相对标准偏差均小于1.0％(n=10);标准加入回收率均在97.0％-102.0％(n=6)范围内。     

Ionospheric and geomagnetic Pc5 oscillations as observed by the ionosonde and magnetometer at Sodankylä

The study is based on the data of the rapid-run ionosonde at the Sodankylä Geophysical Observatory at auroral latitude (L?=?5.25) which routinely performs one-minute sounding since 2007. This dataset allows a unique opportunity for investigating possible effects of ultra-low frequency (ULF, 1–7?mHz) waves in the auroral ionosphere. Suitable observations were made during moderately disturbed geomagnetic conditions typically at recovery of the geomagnetic storms caused by solar wind high-speed streams, in the daytime between 9 and 16 MLT. The ionospheric oscillations corresponding to Pc5 geomagnetic pulsations were found in variations of the virtual height of the F layer and the power of ionosonde reflections from E and F layers. The later are most probably caused by modulation of electron precipitation, which is also manifested in weak (about 0.01–0.06?dB) variations of cosmic noise absorption. The most important and novel result is that the pulsations of power of reflection from E and F layers typically has a spectral maximum at nearly half the periodicity of the Pc5 geomagnetic pulsations, whereas such spectral peak is negligible in the geomagnetic pulsations.     

W 型钡铁氧体的研究进展

W型钡铁氧体具有吸波性能好、价格低廉的特点,因此,越来越引起广泛的重视和深入的研究。本文介绍了W型钡铁氧体BaMe2Fe16O27的主要制备方法,总结了Me为不同元素以及稀土离子掺杂时W型钡铁氧体的研究现状,展望了W型钡铁氧体未来的研究方向。     

Mechanical behaviour of adhesively single lap joint under buckling conditions

Adhesive Single Lap Joints have been subjected to tensile and bending investigations by many researchers. However, the joint is also likely to experience buckling loading in some aerospace applications. The aim of this work is to investigate the joint behaviour under quasi-static buckling conditions. For this purpose, the joints with three different adherend thicknesses and 25 mm overlap length were tested using two different types of adherends and an adhesive film. They were modelled using a non-linear Finite Element Method via the ABAQUS Explicit package programme. Load to failure and stress distributions in the joints were predicted and compared with the experimental results, which were found in a good agreement. The adhesive layer in the joint was assumed to experience shear stresses under the buckling mode, similar to that in tensile loading, yet, the stress concentrations at the ends of the overlap, the main cause of the failure, resulted in different effects on the joint performance; for the buckling mode the critical stresses were in compression but for the tensile case in peeling. Unlike the latter, the former was found to prevent failure of the layer depending on the adherend thickness, causing different failure mechanisms. There were two different failure modes of the joints; a complete failure in the adhesive layer and large plastic deformation of adherends which could be a good source for crashworthiness situations. Mechanical properties of the adherends were found to play important roles on the joint performance.     

系列嵌套圆环系统的能量吸收特性

能量吸收结构的性能对航空、航天等领域的人员和结构防护非常重要。针对一种系列嵌套圆环系统的能量吸收特性进行了理论、数值和实验研究。首先建立了考虑应变强化效应的系列嵌套圆环系统受刚性平板横向准静态压缩时的刚塑性理论模型;然后对双环和三环嵌套圆环系统进行了准静态压缩实验及有限元数值模拟,理论预测、数值模拟和实验测得的系列嵌套圆环系统的载荷-挠度曲线吻合很好;最后对将系列嵌套圆环系统应用到航空领域进行了探讨,以应用至航空座椅为例,建立了人体、座椅、能量吸收结构的数学模型,参照美国航空联邦局航空座椅动态实验标准,基于该模型计算得到了人体所受的腰椎负荷,并与不装备能量吸收结构时的腰椎负荷进行了比较,结果表明应用系列嵌套圆环系统可以有效地对人体进行防护。     

Anomalies in radiation-collisional kinetics of Rydberg atoms induced by the effects of dynamical chaos and the double Stark resonance

Radiative and collisional constants of excited atoms contain the matrix elements of the dipole transitions and when they are blocked one can expect occurring a number of interesting phenomena in radiation-collisional kinetics. In recent astrophysical studies of IR emission spectra it was revealed a gap in the radiation emitted by Rydberg atoms (RA  ) with values of the principal quantum number of n≈10$n\approx 10$. Under the presence of external electric fields a rearrangement of RA emission spectra is possible to associate with manifestations of the Stark effect. The threshold for electric field ionization of RA   is E≈3·10⁴$E\approx 3·{10}^4$ V/cm for states with n>10$n>10$. This means that the emission of RA   with n≥10$n\ge 10$ is effectively blocked for such fields. In the region of lower electric field intensities the double Stark resonance (or Förster resonance) becomes a key player. On this basis it is established the fact that the static magnetic or electric fields may strongly affect the radiative constants of optical transitions in the vicinity of the Föster resonance resulting, for instance, in an order of magnitude reduction of the intensity in some lines. Then, it is shown in this work that in the atmospheres of celestial objects lifetimes of comparatively long-lived RA states and intensities of corresponding radiative transitions can be associated with the effects of dynamic chaos via collisional ionization. The Föster resonance allows us to manipulate the random walk of the Rydberg electron (RE) in the manifold of quantum levels and hence change the excitation energies of RA, which lead to anomalies in the IR spectra.