大雨对飞机气动性能的影响

大雨是影响飞行安全的重要天气因素,进场着陆的飞机由于遭遇暴雨而失控坠毁的事故经常发生。为此国外自８０年代起开展了模拟降雨环境下的风洞实验研究以确定大雨对飞机气动性能的影响。本文主要介绍国外在此领域进行的研究工作以及中国民航飞行学院在此方面的研究计划。     

复合固体推进剂喷气羽烟对微波衰减的实验研究

本文根据推进剂喷气持续时间短这一特性,选择功率比法作为测量微波衰减的方法.结果表明:推进剂的喷气羽烟对微波的衰减与配方有关;在固体含量不变的情况下,适当地降低Al粉含量或用硝胺(HR)部分替代高氯酸铵(AP)都能降低羽烟对微波的衰减,但HR/AP的比值不宜过大;在推进剂中添加少量的电子捕获剂和二次燃烧抑制剂,不仅能有效地改善喷气羽烟的电磁特性而且对推进剂的其它性能影响不大,因此是制备微波衰减小的推进剂的有效方法.     

复合固体推进剂无烟化述评

综述了复合固体推进剂烟雾成因、消烟途径和国内外无烟(少烟)推进剂的研究情况,指出了今后我国复合固体推进剂无烟化研究的努力方向。     

Cloud attenuation statistics from radiometric measurements over a tropical location Kolkata,India

The objective of this study is to investigate cloud attenuation at 30 GHz frequency using ground-based microwave radiometric observations at a tropical location, Kolkata. At higher frequencies and lower elevation angles, cloud attenuation is of major concern at a tropical location. The location experiences high value of liquid water path (LWP), which is responsible for cloud attenuation, during the Indian summer monsoon (ISM) and pre-monsoon season. Significant amount of cloud attenuation has been observed during monsoon season at 30 GHz. Two years observations of exceedance probability of cloud attenuation and worst month statistics are presented. The variation of cloud attenuation with frequencies for different elevation angles has also been investigated. The seasonal and diurnal patterns of cloud attenuation are examined. Cloud attenuation, inferred from radiometric measurements before rain commencement, has been compared to rain attenuation at Ku-band. Exceedance probabilities of cloud and rain attenuation have been compared.     

雨水对飞机发动机的影响

雨水对飞机发动机影响较大,当飞机在大雨中降落时,可能会引发发动机熄火,但在飞机起飞时,能起到喷水加力的效应.为了对发动机防吞雨水停车和喷水增大推力研究提供参考,综述了CFM56-3型发动机投入使用后出现的一些吞雨停车故障,并总结了在发动机设计中采取的尽量减少雨水流入内涵的4点措施,介绍了喷水增大推力的机理和其在一些军、民用飞机发动机上的应用情况.     

Intrinsic physical relationships between rotor modal shapes and instantaneous vibrational energy flow transmission characteristics: Theoretical and numerical analysis and application

The modal vibration of the rotor is the main cause of excessive vibration of the aero-engine overall structure. To attenuate the vibration of the rotor under different modal shapes from the perspective of energy control, the intrinsic physical relationships between rotor modal shapes and instantaneous vibrational energy flow transmission characteristics is derived from the general equation of motion base on the structural intensity method. A dual-rotor-support-casing coupling model subjected to the rotor unbalanced forces is established by the finite element method in this paper. The transmission, conversion and balance relationships of the vibrational energy flow for the rotors in the first-order bending modal shape, the conical whirling modal shape and the translational modal shape are analyzed, respectively. The results show that the vibrational energy flow transmitted to the structure can be converted into the strain energy, the kinetic energy and the energy dissipated by the damping of the structure. The vibrational energy flow transmission characteristics of rotors with different modal shapes are quite different. Especially for the first-order bending modal shape, the vibrational energy flow and the strain energy are transmitted and converted to each other in the middle part of the rotor shaft, resulting in large deformation at this part. To attenuate this harmful vibration, the influences of grooving on the shaft on the first-order bending vibration are studied from the perspective of transmission control of vibrational energy flow. This study can provide theoretical references and guidance for the vibration attenuation of the rotors in different modal shapes from a more essential perspective.     

风驱雨CFD模拟及平均雨荷载计算方法研究

基于谐波叠加法,用Kaimal谱生成空旷场地的脉动风速时程,将脉动风速时程作为流场CFD模拟的速度入口。采用分离涡模型模拟脉动风场并用离散相模拟雨滴颗粒,通过风雨耦合的CFD模型,获得雨滴落在输电塔各高度处的雨滴速度以及时间,并依据冲量定理和冲量等效原则,提出了任一时距的平均雨荷载计算方法。以176m高的输电塔为例,计算出作用在输电塔上以0.25s为时距的平均雨荷载。研究了水平风速和降雨强度对平均雨荷载的影响,结果显示:水平平均雨荷载随水平风速和降雨强度的增加而增加,但水平平均雨荷载与风荷载的比值沿高度增加而递减;尽管单粒雨滴荷载较大,但作用时间只有大约1×10-5s,依据冲量等效原则计算得出在一定时距内的平均雨荷载较小;对于本文算例,平均雨荷载与平均风荷载的比值不超过2.6%。     

富燃料推进剂燃烧产物粒度参数的激光衰减法测量

介绍了激光衰减法测量粒子参数的基本原理.搭建了激光衰减法测量高铝含量富燃料推进剂实验系统,解决了燃烧环境下粒度测试的光学介入问题,对高铝含量富燃料推进剂中粒子参数进行测量,对所得的凝相燃烧产物进行电镜分析,并对电镜照片进行分析处理,计算出燃烧后凝相产物平均粒径,验证了激光衰减法测量粒子参数的可行性和合理性.     

A new landing impact attenuation seat in manned spacecraft biologically-inspired by felids

When manned spacecraft comes back to the earth, it relies on the impact attenuation seat to protect astronauts from injuries during landing phase. Hence, the seat needs to transfer impact load, as small as possible, to the crew. However, there is little room left for traditional seat to improve further. Herein, a new seat system biologically-inspired by felids’ landing is proposed.Firstly, a series of experiments was carried out on cats and tigers, in which they were trained to jump down voluntarily from different heights. Based on the ground reaction forces combined with kinematics, the experiment indicated that felids’ landing after self-initial jump was a multi-step impact attenuation process and the new seat was inspired by this. Then the construction and work process of new seat were redesigned to realize the multi-step impact attenuation. The dynamic response of traditional and new seat is analyzed under the identical conditions and the results show that the new concept seat can significantly weaken the occupant overload in two directions compared with that of traditional seat. As a consequence, the risk of injury evaluated for spinal and head is also lowered, meaning a higher level of protection which is especially beneficial to the debilitated astronaut.     

摄影棚雨喷水淋灭火系统的设计

在一般的雨淋喷水灭火系统设计中,都是给出了一般的设计原则和设计参数,而要达到因地制宜的应用效果,必须结合具体场合的实际需要,进行重新设计,为此给出的小型摄影棚雨淋喷水灭火系统就是一个设计实例。