Methods to determine stress profile in ALT based on theoretical life models

With the recent products being more reliable,engineers cannot obtain enough failure or degradation information through the design period and even the product lifetime,therefore,accelerated life test(ALT)has become the most popular way to quantify the life characteristics of products.Test design is the most essential topic,such as testing duration,stress profile,data inference,etc.In this paper,a method and procedure based on theoretical life models is proposed to determine the accelerated stress profile.Firstly,the method for theoretical life calculation is put forward based on the main failure mechanism analysis and the theoretical life models.Secondly,the method is provided to determine the accelerated stress profile,including the method to determine the accelerated stress types and the stress range on the basis of the main failure mechanism analysis,the method to determine the acceleration factor and the accelerated stress level based on life quantitative calculation models,and the collaborative analysis method of the accelerated test time while taking the multiple failure mechanisms into consideration.Lastly,the actuator is taken as an example to describe the procedure of the method and the engineering applicability and the validity are verified.     

运输类飞机疲劳寿命分析的一种新方法

为了使DFR法能够适用于一般运输类飞机的疲劳分析,对DFR法进行了改进。从飞机各典型飞行任务剖面的使用比例(飞行次数比例)导出其在整个寿命期内所占的损伤比例,进而获得了当量剖面的损伤;然后再以当量剖面的损伤为基准,计算地-空-地(G-A-G)损伤比,再导出当量地-空-地循环数,最后确定出地-空-地循环许用应力和疲劳裕度。改进后的DFR法已应用于实际的工程设计。     

Key ecological challenges for closed systems facilities

Closed ecological systems are desirable for a number of purposes. In space life support systems, material closure allows precious life-supporting resources to be kept inside and recycled. Closure in small biospheric systems facilitates detailed measurement of global ecological processes and biogeochemical cycles. Closed testbeds facilitate research topics which require isolation from the outside (e.g. genetically modified organisms; radioisotopes) so their ecological interactions and fluxes can be studied separate from interactions with the outside environment. But to achieve and maintain closure entails solving complex ecological challenges. These challenges include being able to handle faster cycling rates and accentuated daily and seasonal fluxes of critical life elements such as carbon dioxide, oxygen, water, macro- and mico-nutrients. The problems of achieving sustainability in closed systems for life support include how to handle atmospheric dynamics including trace gases, producing a complete human diet, recycling nutrients and maintaining soil fertility, the maintenance of healthy air and water and preventing the loss of critical elements from active circulation. In biospheric facilities, the challenge is also to produce analogues to natural biomes and ecosystems, studying processes of self-organization and adaptation in systems that allow specification or determination of state variables and cycles which may be followed through all interactions from atmosphere to soils. Other challenges include the dynamics and genetics of small populations, the psychological challenges for small isolated human groups and backup technologies and strategic options which may be necessary to ensure long-term operation of closed ecological systems.     

附件性能比较分析方法研究

提出通过附件寿命数据统计模型及可靠度函数．利用数学工具量化比较附件性能的方法。该方法简单可靠．不依赖于分布模型．且适用于任何寿命区间。经实例验证该方法在实际应用中是有效的。     

Aquaculture in bio-regenerative life support systems (BLSS): Considerations

A significant amount of research has been invested into understanding the effects of including fish culture in bio-regenerative life support systems (BLSS) for long duration space habitation. While the benefits of fish culture as a sub-process for waste treatment and food production continue to be identified, other pressing issues arise that affect the overall equivalent system mass associated with fish culture in a BLSS. This paper is meant to provide insight into several issues affecting fish culture in a BLSS that will require attention in the future if fish meant for consumption are to be cultured in a BLSS.     

Four-month Moon and Mars crew water utilization study conducted at the Flashline Mars Arctic Research Station,Devon Island,Nunavut

A categorized water usage study was undertaken at the Flashline Mars Arctic Research Station on Devon Island, Nunavut in the High Canadian Arctic. This study was conducted as part of a long duration four-month Mars mission simulation during the summer of 2007. The study determined that the crew of seven averaged 82.07 L/day over the expedition (standard deviation 22.58 L/day). The study also incorporated a Mars Time Study phase which determined that an average of 12.12 L/sol of water was required for each crewmember. Drinking, food preparation, hand/face, oral, dish wash, clothes wash, shower, shaving, cleaning, engineering, science, plant growth and medical water were each individually monitored throughout the detailed study phases. It was determined that implementing the monitoring program itself resulted in an approximate water savings of 1.5 L/day per crewmember. The seven person crew averaged 202 distinct water draws a day (standard deviation 34) with high water use periods focusing around meal times. No statistically significant correlation was established between total water use and EVA or exercise duration. Study results suggest that current crew water utilization estimates for long duration planetary surface stays are more than two times greater than that required.     

Effect of condensation agents and minerals for oligopeptide formation under mild and hydrothermal conditions in related to chemical evolution of proteins

The role of condensation agents and minerals for oligopeptide formation was inspected to see whether minerals possess catalytic activity under mild and hydrothermal conditions. Under mild conditions, oligopeptide formation from negatively charged amino acids (Asp and Glu) using different minerals and the elongation of alanine oligopeptides ((Ala)₂–(Ala)₅) were attempted using apatite minerals. Oligo(Asp) up to 10 amino acid units from Asp were observed in the presence of 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl carbodiimide (EDC). Notable influence of minerals was not detected for the oligo(Asp) formation. Oligo(Asp) was gradually degraded by the further incubation in the presence of EDC in both the absence and presence of minerals. The formation of oligo(Glu) was less efficient in the presence of carbonyldiimidazole. The elongation from (Ala)₃, (Ala)₄, and (Ala)₅ and the formation of diketopiperazine from (Ala)₂ proceeded immediately in the presence of EDC in the meantime of the sample preparations. In addition, it was unexpected that the disappearance of the products and the reformation of the reactants occurred by the further incubation for 24 h; for instance, (Ala)₅ decreased but (Ala)₄ increased with increasing the reaction time in the reaction of (Ala)₄ with EDC. These facts suggest that the activation of the reactant amino acids or peptides immediately occurs. Under the simulated hydrothermal conditions, EDC did not enhance the formation of oligopeptides from Asp, Glu or Ala nor the spontaneous formation of (Ala)₅ from (Ala)₄.     

美国生命教育经验及对我国生命教育的启示

生命教育从上世纪六十年代在西方起步，经过几十年的努力和发展，欧洲国家尤其是美国的生命教育举措在培养青少年良好的生命价值观方面取得了一定的成绩，并积累了丰富的经验，本文总结了美国的成功经验，从而提出了构建以政府为主导的四位一体生命教育模式。     

初始气孔率热老化试验研究与应用：预测双基推进剂储存寿命的一种新方法

通过对双基推进剂药柱进行初始气孔率热老化试验研究。探讨了用累积损伤理论和粘弹性分析方法来预测药柱储存寿命的理论基础和应用价值，提出了一种准确，经济，方便的预测药柱储存寿命的新方法。     

三阶段疲劳全寿命估算模型

 本文给出了小裂纹范围的完整定义,并根据此定义提出了“三阶段疲劳全寿命估算模型”,即全寿命由裂纹形成寿命、小裂纹扩展寿命和大裂纹扩展寿命所组成。用此模型估算得到的寿命与实验结果符合很好。