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11.
In this review we present the main results obtained by the ISO satellite on the abundance and spatial distribution of water
vapor in the direction of molecular clouds, evolved stars, galaxies, and in the bodies of our Solar System. We also discuss
the modeling of H2O and the difficulties found in the interpretation of the data, the need of collisional rates and the perspectives that future
high angular and high spectral resolution observations of H2O with the Herschel Space Observatory will open. 相似文献
12.
FranÇois Raulin 《Space Science Reviews》2005,116(1-2):471-487
By extrapolating what we know on the origins of life on Earth, and in particular on the chemical processes which gave rise
to the first living system, Europa and Titan appear as two major targets for studies of exo/astrobiology in the outer solar
system. With the likely presence of water oceans relatively close to its surface, coupled to possible sources of organics,
the emergence and sustaining of life on Europa seems possible. On Titan, it cannot be ruled out. But the main exobiological
interest of the largest satellite of Saturn is the presence of a complex organic chemistry which shows many similarities with
the prebiotic chemistry which allowed the emergence of life on Earth. 相似文献
13.
Larry W. Esposito Charles A. Barth Joshua E. Colwell George M. Lawrence William E. McClintock A. Ian F. Stewart H. Uwe Keller Axel Korth Hans Lauche Michel C. Festou Arthur L. Lane Candice J. Hansen Justin N. Maki Robert A. West Herbert Jahn Ralf Reulke Kerstin Warlich Donald E. Shemansky Yuk L. Yung 《Space Science Reviews》2004,115(1-4):299-361
The Cassini Ultraviolet Imaging Spectrograph (UVIS) is part of the remote sensing payload of the Cassini orbiter spacecraft. UVIS has two spectrographic channels that provide images and spectra covering the ranges from 56 to 118 nm and 110 to 190 nm. A third optical path with a solar blind CsI photocathode is used for high signal-to-noise-ratio stellar occultations by rings and atmospheres. A separate Hydrogen Deuterium Absorption Cell measures the relative abundance of deuterium and hydrogen from their Lyman-α emission. The UVIS science objectives include investigation of the chemistry, aerosols, clouds, and energy balance of the Titan and Saturn atmospheres; neutrals in the Saturn magnetosphere; the deuterium-to-hydrogen (D/H) ratio for Titan and Saturn; icy satellite surface properties; and the structure and evolution of Saturn’s rings.This revised version was published online in July 2005 with a corrected cover date. 相似文献
14.
Ralph D. Lorenz 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2021,67(7):2219-2230
Winds near the ground on Titan for the Dragonfly landing site (near Selk crater, 10°N) for the mid-2030s (Titan late southern summer, Ls ~ 310°) are estimated for mission design purposes. Prevailing winds due to the global circulation are typically 0.5 m/s, and do not exceed 1 m/s. Local terrain-induced flows such as slope winds appear to be similarly capped at 1 m/s. At various landing sites and times, these two contributions will vectorially combine to yield steady winds (for part of a Titan day, Tsol) of up to 2.0 m/s, but typically less – the slope wind component will be small in the mid-morning. In early afternoon, as on Earth and Mars, solar-driven convection in the planetary boundary layer will cause wind fluctuations of the order of 0.1 m/s, varying with a typical timescale of ~1000 s. Occasionally this convection organizes into coherent ‘dust devil’ vortices: detectable vortices with speeds of 1 m/s are predicted about once per Titan day. We have introduced the convective velocity scale combined with the advection time of PBL cells as a metric to derive the frequency of occurrence of gusts associated with convective vortices (‘dust devils’). Maximum possible vortex winds on Titan of 2.8 m/s may be expected only once per 40 Tsols, and define the maximum wind (4.8 m/s at 10 m height) that Dragonfly must tolerate without damage. The applicability of different wind combinations, scaled to the height of relevant Dragonfly components above the ground (e.g. the maximum corresponds to 3.9 m/s at 1.3 m height) by a logarithmic wind profile, to Dragonfly design and operations are discussed. 相似文献
15.
Athena Coustenis 《Space Science Reviews》2005,116(1-2):171-184
The origin and evolution of Titan’s enigmatic atmosphere is reviewed. Starting with the present-day volatile inventory, the
question of what was the original composition on Titan and how a satellite of similar size to other Galilean moons managed
to acquire and hold on to the required material is discussed. In particular the possible sources and sinks of the main mother
molecules (nitrogen, methane and oxygen) are investigated in view of the most recent models and laboratory experiments. The
answers expected to be provided by the instruments aboard the Cassini-Huygens mission to some of the most prominent current
questions regarding Titan’s atmosphere are defined. 相似文献
16.
J.L. Hall J.A. Jones V.V. Kerzhanovich T. Lachenmeier P. Mahr M. Pauken G.A. Plett L. Smith M.L. Van Luvender A.H. Yavrouian 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2008
This paper describes experimental results from a development program focused on maturing Titan aerobot technology in the areas of mechanical and thermal subsystems. Results from four key activities are described: first, a cryogenic balloon materials development program involving coupon and cylinder tests and culminating in the fabrication and testing of an inflated 4.6 m long prototype blimp at 93 K; second, a combined lab experiment and numerical simulation effort to assess potential problems resulting from radioisotope power source waste heat generation near an inflated blimp; third, an aerial deployment and inflation development program consisting of laboratory and helicopter drop tests on a near full scale (11 m long) prototype blimp; and fourth, a proof of concept experiment demonstrating the viability of using a mechanically steerable high gain antenna on a floating blimp to perform direct to Earth telecommunications from Titan. The paper provides details on all of these successful activities and discusses their impact on the overall effort to produce mature systems technology for future Titan aerobot missions. 相似文献
17.
F. W. Taylor 《Space Science Reviews》2006,125(1-4):445-455
Venus and Titan are both slowly-rotating, approximately Earth-sized bodies with cloudy, dynamic atmospheres. Each has a complex
climate system, even less well understood than the terrestrial equivalent, and the processes that appear to maintain the climate
near the surface on both bodies have interesting similarities and differences with each other and with the Earth. By considering
these factors and their possible evolution with the aid of elementary climate models, some interesting, albeit tentative,
conclusions can be reached concerning the stability of climate on Earth-like planets, and the likely nature of past and future
climate change. 相似文献
18.
G. J. Molina-Cuberos J. Porti B. P. Besser J. A. Morente J. Margineda H. I. M. Lichtenegger A. Salinas K. Schwingenschuh H. U. Eichelberger 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2004,33(12):2309-2313
Among the multiple questions that the CASSINI/HUYGENS mission tries to answer is the likelihood of electric discharges in Titan's atmosphere. The instruments “Huygens Atmospheric Structure Instrument” and “Radio and Plasma Wave Science” will probe the electromagnetic emissions during the Huygens descent and Cassini flybys, respectively. Although no lightning was observed during Voyager's encounters with Titan in 1980 and 1981, this does not exclude the existence of lightning phenomena. Recent investigations show that lightning discharges could occur in the lower atmosphere, such as the detection of methane condensation clouds in the troposphere and the theoretical prediction of an electric field that would be sufficient enough to cause lightning. We present a numerical model of Titan's atmosphere with the aim of calculating the resonance frequencies and the atmospheric transparency to electromagnetic waves. The detection and measurement of these resonances, Schumann frequencies, by the Huygens probe, would show the existence of electric activity connected with lightning discharges in the atmosphere. As it happens with the Schumann frequencies of Earth, losses associated with the electric conductivity will make these frequencies to be lower than the theoretically predicted, the fundamental one being located between 11 and 15 Hz. An analytical study shows that the strong losses associated with the high conductivity make it impossible that an electromagnetic wave generated near the surface with a frequency of 10 MHz or lower reaches the outer part of Titan's atmosphere. Therefore the detection of electromagnetic waves coming from Titan's lower atmosphere by the RPWS instrument is very unlikely. 相似文献
19.
20.
H. Cottin P. Coll D. Coscia N. Fray Y.Y. Guan F. Macari F. Raulin C. Rivron F. Stalport C. Szopa D. Chaput M. Viso M. Bertrand A. Chabin L. Thirkell F. Westall A. Brack 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2008
To understand the evolution of organic molecules involved in extraterrestrial environments and with exobiological implications, many experimental programs in the laboratory are devoted to photochemical studies in the gaseous phase as well as in the solid state. The validity of such studies and their applications to extraterrestrial environments can be questioned as long as experiments conducted in space conditions, with the full solar spectrum, especially in the short wavelength domain, have not been implemented. The experiments that are described here will be carried out on a FOTON capsule, using the BIOPAN facility, and on the International Space Station, using the EXPOSE facility. Vented and sealed exposition cells will be used, which will allow us to study the chemical evolution in the gaseous phase as well as heterogeneous processes, such as the degradation of solid compounds and the release of gaseous fragments. 相似文献