锥形物体对月壤冲击过程的试验及离散元分析

月球探测器着陆过程中着陆器足垫首先与月壤接触,因此,足垫的动力响应直接关系到探测设备的安全着陆及后续工作的实施。采用试验和离散元数值模拟的方法,以锥形物体代替实际足垫,对冲击模拟月壤过程中锥形物体的锥角和冲击速度及质量的影响进行详细研究。离散元模拟获得的结果与试验结果一致。研究结果表明,冲击速度和质量决定了锥形物体与模拟月壤颗粒之间的动量转移,对冲击过程有很大的影响;当采用不同锥角的锥形物体冲击时,由于锥形物体与颗粒介质接触面积的影响,随着锥角的增大其冲击深度和冲击时间均减小,而锥形物体受到的冲击力峰值逐渐增大。此外,对冲击过程中颗粒的速度矢量进行讨论,从细观角度对颗粒介质在冲击载荷作用下的动力特性及颗粒间的相互作用进行探讨。以上结果对航天着陆器的着陆过程的研究提供了理论依据,并且对利用特种设备在月球表面进行贯入探测具有一定的参考价值。     

一种基于背景自适应的运动目标检测与跟踪算法

背景图像差分法是运动目标实时检测中常用的方法,但缺乏背景图像随监视场景光照变化而及时更新的合理方法,限制了该方法的适应性。对此,文章首先提出了一种自适应背景更新方法;然后利用最大类间方差法实现运动目标的自适应阈值分割,并利用基于形态学方法的连通区检测算法检测运动目标;最后以Kalman滤波为运动模型实现对运动目标的连续跟踪。实验结果表明:所提方法可随着光照条件的变化,实时、准确地检测出运动目标并实现稳定跟踪。     

Synergistic approach of asteroid exploitation and planetary protection

The asteroid and cometary impact hazard has long been recognised as an important issue requiring risk assessment and contingency planning. At the same time asteroids have also been acknowledged as possible sources of raw materials for future large-scale space engineering ventures. This paper explores possible synergies between these two apparently opposed views; planetary protection and space resource exploitation. In particular, the paper assumes a 5 tonne low-thrust spacecraft as a baseline for asteroid deflection and capture (or resource transport) missions. The system is assumed to land on the asteroid and provide a continuous thrust able to modify the orbit of the asteroid according to the mission objective. The paper analyses the capability of such a near-term system to provide both planetary protection and asteroid resources to Earth. Results show that a 5 tonne spacecraft could provide a high level of protection for modest impact hazards: airburst and local damage events (caused by 15–170 m diameter objects). At the same time, the same spacecraft could also be used to transport to bound Earth orbits significant quantities of material through judicious use of orbital dynamics and passively safe aero-capture manoeuvres or low energy ballistic capture. As will be shown, a 5 tonne low-thrust spacecraft could potentially transport between 12 and 350 times its own mass of asteroid resources by means of ballistic capture or aero-capture trajectories that pose very low dynamical pressures on the object.     

面向领域的模型驱动智能表单系统的框架设计

表单是信息系统中信息传递的载体.为提高信息系统的开发效率,实现对已有系统的复用,并能够方便地提供原型系统,使业务管理人员更好地介入系统的开发,分析和研究了传统的表单开发方式和目前市场上的智能表单系统,以软件复用的软件工程和模型驱动架构(MDA, Model Driven Architecture)思想为指导,以领域建模为基础,借鉴已有的智能表单系统,提出了一种面向电子政务领域的以业务对象库为基础的模型驱动智能表单系统的开发方法,设计了采用XML语言进行描述的表单模型定义和采用Web服务与MBean技术的表单模型处理引擎的松耦合系统总体结构,并对该设计进行了详细的介绍.      

动能撞击偏转近地小天体研究进展

以近地小天体防御为背景,介绍了近地小天体的基本概念和物理特性,分析了超高速动能撞击偏转近地小天体的研究进展。讨论了超高速动能撞击近地小天体表面成坑形貌、相似律以及成坑过程中抛射物产生机制、演化过程和抛射物质量速度分布相似律。总结了基于结合点源假设、实验和数值模拟结果建立的超高速动能撞击小天体动量传递理论模型和相似律。分析了近地小天体的物理特性和撞击条件对动量传递系数的影响规律。归纳了超高速动能撞击偏转近地小天体研究中存在的问题,对超高速动能撞击防御小天体的发展趋势提出了若干建议。     

实时棒材图像识别与跟踪方法研究

多目标识别跟踪的关键问题是特征提取和目标匹配.为了提取生产线上堆积棒材的特征,提出粘连目标分割和多目标识别的方法.采用中值滤波和形态学滤波去除噪声,自适应阈值化和分水岭变换分割粘连目标;然后采用区域统计、参数识别、噪声区域去除以及聚类分析等手段进行目标特征识别,提取出棒材的质心点坐标作为特征;对棒材图像序列提出采用模板匹配、相近位移匹配和Kalman滤波的方法建立跟踪链,通过插入、删除、更新链节点进行目标跟踪;对于图像处理中可能出现的漏检目标和虚增目标,进行了计数结果校正.在现场采集了100帧连续图像后,采用此方法跟踪计数的精度为96.2%.      

高轨目标监视系统星座设计和探测效能分析

针对高轨目标编目与成像的应用需求,提出一种运行于亚同步轨道、兼具对同步带目标远距离探测编目和近距离成像侦察的高轨天基星座。根据同步带目标探测编目要求,推导和分析了星座的轨道部署和光学相机扫描方式对目标探测效能的影响,确定了顺行轨道的双星星座可行解更多,综合探测效能更高。设计了一种符合顺光观测约束的姿态导引律,结合可行解中选取一组解进行仿真,结果表明：在夏至和秋分两种工况下,采用顺行轨道的双星星座,可对轨道倾角不大于相机半视场的所有同步带目标进行无缝遍历,且每天的探测次数不小于4次,观测弧长不小于1分钟,与理论推导一致。     

材料粗糙度变化对卫星光谱红化效应的影响

在轨人造目标的地基观测光谱存在红化效应,影响对目标反射光谱的理解应用.目标在进入空间环境后外露材料表面粗糙度发生变化.本文结合材料的光谱散射特性、卫星轨道和观测条件,仿真分析了卫星表面材料粗糙度变化对红化效应的影响.基于文献中实验数据,设计不同粗糙度的卫星表面材料样本,模拟空间环境中材料表面粗糙度的变化.利用双向反射分布函数,建立不同粗糙度材料样本的光谱散射模型.理论模拟结果表明,材料表面粗糙度的变化会影响其光谱散射特性,散射光谱形态和散射分布取决于粗糙度及入射-反射几何关系.引入网格剖分和可见面片,利用材料双向反射分布函数,仿真计算卫星表面材料在不同粗糙度状态下,整个卫星在可见光波段的反射光谱信号.仿真结果表明,随着卫星表面材料粗糙度的增加,其反射光谱在600nm之后随波长增加而呈现上升趋势,这表明空间环境中外露材料表面粗糙度变化是卫星产生红化效应的原因之一.      

Post-Newtonian tracking formulae to increase the shooting accuracy of autonomous LEO laser trackers

We introduce five post-Newtonian tracking formulae that would allow increasing the accuracy of the shooting systems on board autonomous LEO laser trackers. These formulae should be used when the current formulae cannot provide instants close enough to the optimal instants at which the trackers could safely shoot down unwished LEO middle-distant targets. In fact, they allow the trackers to produce not only the safest shooting actions, but also the most efficient ablations that might make the targets fall into the atmosphere for them to burn. The fact of the matter is in the falsifiability procedure introduced below, which allows to simulate sequences of unharming shooting actions with very narrow laser beams leading to identify the optimal pointing directions to previously selected debris objects whose size and composition are representative of these targets.     

The Investigation of Possible Approaches of Cataloged Space Objects to Manned Spacecraft

Initial orbital parameter errors are used to examine the miss distance between a spacecraft and an ensemble of tracked objects by a Monte Carlo-type analysis. The radial separation between orbits is evaluated and a keep-out zone is determined, which reduces the risk of collision to an acceptable level.An operational prediction methodology is suggested based on a catalog database, which identifies potentially hazardous approaches and computes the probability of collision for selected spacecraft. An example for the Mir Space Station is presented, which estimates the collision probability and the cross-sectional flux of cataloged objects for the time frame of interest. The results appear to be in good agreement with those of other space debris models.