民用飞机校验机动仿真研究

校验机动是民用飞机纵向俯仰机动中的一种,它是机翼、平尾等部件的载荷严重情况之一。对于校验机动的分析国内国际上的主流是采用机动仿真法。美国的FAR和欧洲的CS适航条款对校验机动有着不同的要求,FAR指定了俯仰角加速的要求,没有指定俯仰操纵器件的输入;而CS则指定了俯仰操纵器件的输入,对俯仰角加速度没有要求。以往国内校验机动一直以FAR条款为设计基础,对于CS条款的研究和分析不多,以欧洲CS条款为基础,对校验机动的仿真分析进行了研究。     

异构多星编队的脉冲构型保持控制方法

近地轨道的双星编队通常设计具有自稳定性的编队构型参数初值，通过保持编队构型参数形成长期稳定的相对周期运动。针对编队中卫星数量增多产生的相对运动耦合问题，提出了基于Hill坐标和三角函数公式的多星相对运动分析方法。基于SAR载荷测量基线定义，结合多星编队构型参数的相对运动特性，提出了编队构型参数的设计方法，能够实现多星编队的最大有效基线组合。通过分析J2项摄动和大气阻力摄动的长期影响，研究了异构多星编队的相对运动衍化规律，提出了主从形式的脉冲偏置控制，能够有效保持针对异构多星编队设计的编队构型。通过面质比异构的四星编队控制仿真，验证了脉冲偏置控制形式下异构多星编队构型保持控制方法的有效性。     

Energy efficient reactionless design of multi-arm space robot for a cooperative handshake maneuver

Space robots play a significant role in on-orbit capture, space structure construction, and assembly tasks. Since the robotic arms are attached to a free-floating satellite, the motion of the manipulator in such tasks and the satellite are coupled. Multiple-arm space robots can perform complex cooperative tasks and are superior to single-arm space robots. Current work proposes a reactionless manipulation algorithm for a multi-robotic arm based on the iterative Newton–Euler method for space robots with many task and balance arms. The present work demonstrates two tasks and one balance arm to perform a reactionless handshake maneuver in space. This maneuver is presented in detail for a planar and spatial case. The planar case uses 3 DoF robotic arms, while the spatial case uses 6 DoF robotic arms. In addition, the balance arm has been designed considering the efficient usage of energy satisfying reactionless manipulation concept. The design procedure focuses on minimizing energy used during the motion of the balance arm for a known motion of task arms using a genetic algorithm. Moreover, computational experiments are conducted to validate the use of the genetic algorithm for optimization. The results of proposed reactionless manipulation algorithm have been validated with the results available in the literature for the spatial case that uses a different method. In the future, an energy-efficient balance arm will be designed to handle tumbling objects.     

飞行器航路转弯机动测风方法

传统测风方法基于空速管等测风设备实现精确的实时测风。考虑降低成本,有些飞行器上没有安装空速管等测风设备。针对这种情况,文章提出一种通过航路转弯机动飞行实现测风的方法,即假设大气风场短时间内不变,基于速度三角形原理在转弯前、后的2个航路上分别构建2个方程,通过联解2个方程得到大气风场信息。采用蒙特–卡洛法进行仿真,结果表明该方法简单有效、具有较高精度,为大气风场实时测量提供了一条新的思路。     

A novel visual servo method for space manipulators by planning jerk

A novel trajectory planning method for space manipulators is proposed in this article, which can generate trajectory in Cartesian space with continuous joint jerk. The key idea is that, given the desired position for an individual joint, the corresponding joint trajectory is generated in a way like a controller. The generated jerk acts as the controller’s output driving an ideal third-order system to arrive at the desired position, with no need for discrete points in advance. In real applications, the visual servo task is accomplished hierarchically. Since the desired pose in Cartesian space measured by cameras concerns multi degrees of freedom (DOF), desired positions for individual joints are obtained by inverse-kinematics model. Then, joint trajectories are generated as above. To improve the trajectory’s smoothness, a bridging matrix is implemented to ensure that the desired pose varies continuously. Simulation and experimental results show that the proposed method is effective to track targets with different kinds of motion, i.e. can track the input-bounded signal asymptotically.     

GNSS广域差分改正数估计方法研究

随着我国北斗三号基本系统的正式运行，基于地面监测站的广域差分增强系统成为进一步提升卫星导航定位精度的手段之一。在码噪声多径误差修正（CNMC）的基础上，使用等效钟差方法实现GNSS卫星轨道与钟差误差的解耦，并依据卫星轨道运动的动力学特性，引入希尔差分方程描述卫星轨道误差变化，实现对轨道误差的实时卡尔曼滤波估计。基于GPS实测数据，对改正前后的用户等效测距误差（UERE）和定位精度进行了对比研究。实验结果表明，采用该方法，UERE标准差由改正前的0.456 m减小至0.227 m，降幅达到50.22%；整体水平定位误差（95%置信区间）由0.981 m减小至0.782 m，垂直定位误差（95%置信区间）由1.991 m减小至1.131 m，分别提升了20.29%和43.19%，差分改正效果明显。     

一种顾及轨道误差的实时GPS钟差估计方法

为了提高实时卫星钟差估计的精度和稳定性，提出了一种顾及轨道误差的实时GPS钟差估计方法。基于超快速轨道产品，分析了轨道标准差与绝对轨道误差的相关性。通过线性插值获得实时轨道误差信息，以优化先验残差的随机模型。基于先验轨道标准差阈值，采用分段方式剔除实时轨道异常卫星对应的观测值。实验结果表明：轨道标准差和轨道误差的相关性高达0.82。与常用的高度角相关的随机模型相比，GPS卫星钟差估计精度最大提高了15.2%，平均提高了8.1%，钟差误差的时间序列更加平稳，所有GPS卫星的平均钟差STD均在0.15ns以内。因此，超快速轨道产品中提供的轨道标准差与绝对轨道误差表现出较强相关。采用顾及轨道误差的实时钟差估计方法可提高GPS卫星钟差估计精度，准确识别并剔除GPS实时轨道异常的卫星，从而提高GPS实时钟差估计的稳定性。     

Advanced analytical model for orbital aerodynamic prediction in LEO

The growing interest in low earth orbit (LEO) applications demands for accurate modeling of orbital aerodynamics. But classical analytical models of aerodynamic coefficients in free molecule flow, such as the Sentman’s model, Schamberg’s model and Schaaf-Chambre model, were built upon over simplistic gas-surface interaction models, which degrade the fidelity of aerodynamic prediction. This work presents a new analytical model of orbital aerodynamic coefficients based on the state-of-the-art Cercignani–Lampis–Lord (CLL) gas-surface interaction model, where lobular quasi-specular scattering pattern and separate accommodation degree for different velocity components can be well captured. A key component of the new model is a rigorous function approximation solution of the reflected normal momentum flux based on the CLL model which is derived for the first time and is validated within 1% for any hypothermal flow and surface accommodation conditions. Closed-form analytical solutions of aerodynamic coefficients for simple convex geometries are obtained and exhibit high accuracy (within 0.1%) in typical LEO scenarios. The new analytical model surpasses the classical models in some important aspects, such as overcoming the diffuse scattering hypothesis constraint, considering the variation of normal momentum exchange with the surface incidence angle and being applicable in any hypothermal flow situation. In virtue of the advanced CLL model and feasibility of coupling with the panel method technique, the new analytical model is promising to provide more accurate predictions on the orbital aerodynamic coefficients for LEO applications.     

民用飞机平尾载荷的不确定性及全局灵敏度分析

针对飞行载荷计算输入数据的随机不确定性会导致载荷计算结果波动的现象，采用Monte Carlo模拟方法和基于方差的全局灵敏度分析方法对民用飞机急剧俯仰机动随机平尾载荷进行不确定性及全局灵敏度分析。具体分析了飞机气动特性和重心的不确定性对迎角贡献平尾载荷、升降舵偏度贡献平尾载荷及平尾总载荷的影响，进一步通过全局灵敏度分析找出影响平尾载荷计算结果的主要因素。不确定性分析结果表明：气动特性和重心的不确定性导致迎角贡献平尾载荷的波动程度很大。灵敏度分析结果表明：1）升降舵偏度贡献平尾载荷只受升降舵效率的影响；2）迎角贡献平尾载荷主要受无尾飞机零迎角俯仰力矩系数和重心的影响；3）平尾总载荷受升降舵效率的影响最大，受无尾飞机零迎角俯仰力矩系数及重心的影响次之。此外也验证了方法的有效性，对提高飞行载荷的计算精度有一定的指导意义。     

Orbital error propagation considering atmospheric density uncertainty

Due to the influence of various errors, the orbital uncertainty propagation of artificial celestial objects while orbit prediction is required, especially in some applications such as conjunction analysis. In the orbital error propagation of artificial celestial objects in low Earth orbits (LEOs), atmospheric density uncertainty is one of the important factors that require special attention. In this paper, on the basis of considering the uncertainties of position and velocity, the atmospheric density uncertainty is also taken into account to further investigate the orbital error propagation of artificial celestial objects in LEOs. Artificial intelligence algorithms are introduced, the MC Dropout neural network and the heteroscedastic loss function are used to realize the correction of the empirical atmospheric density model, as well as to provide the quantification of model uncertainty and input uncertainty for the corrected atmospheric densities. It is shown that the neural network we built achieves good results in atmospheric density correction, and the uncertainty quantization obtained from the neural network is also reasonable. Moreover, using the Gaussian mixture model - unscented transform (GMM-UT) method, the atmospheric density uncertainty is taken into account in the orbital uncertainty propagation, by adding a sampled random term to the corrected atmospheric density when calculating atmospheric density. The feasibility of the GMM-UT method considering atmospheric density uncertainty is proved by the further comparison of abundant sampling points and GMM-UT results (with and without considering atmospheric density uncertainty).