A machine learning approach to crater detection from topographic data

Craters are distinctive features on the surfaces of most terrestrial planets. Craters reveal the relative ages of surface units and provide information on surface geology. Extracting craters is one of the fundamental tasks in planetary research. Although many automated crater detection algorithms have been developed to exact craters from image or topographic data, most of them are applicable only in particular regions, and only a few can be widely used, especially in complex surface settings. In this study, we present a machine learning approach to crater detection from topographic data. This approach includes two steps: detecting square regions which contain one crater with the use of a boosting algorithm and delineating the rims of the crater in each square region by local terrain analysis and circular Hough transform. A new variant of Haar-like features (scaled Haar-like features) is proposed and combined with traditional Haar-like features and local binary pattern features to enhance the performance of the classifier. Experimental results with the use of Mars topographic data demonstrate that the developed approach can significantly decrease the false positive detection rate while maintaining a relatively high true positive detection rate even in challenging sites.     

考虑热物性变化的月壤温度数值模拟

探月设备的热分析设计依赖于真实有效的月面热环境信息。借助于ANSYS热分析模块,建立了月壤导热系数随密度和温度变化、热容随温度变化的变热物性月壤温度求解模型,分别计算了月面纬度为26°和赤道地区的月表温度,探讨了赤道地区浅层月壤的温度分布。其中,月表温度计算结果与实测数据良好的一致性表明计算模型和所用计算参数适用可靠;而通过修正月壤导热系数来提高计算结果与实测数据的吻合程度则部分展示了月壤温度计算理论;在探讨赤道地区浅层月壤的温度分布时,文章给出了不同时刻对应的月壤温度剖面和热流剖面,并适度分析了月壤内部热流和导热系数对月壤温度剖面的影响,这些为利用月壤的温度剖面规律进行探月设备的热控设计提供了理论支持。     

火星大气环境模拟装置设计及仿真分析研究

对火星表面大气环境特性进行了研究,通过选取合适的计算方法并结合FLUENT流体有限元计算软件对火星表面稀薄气体内部环流进行了模拟仿真分析,提出了以动量源模拟风扇段内流的仿真方法,并进行了可行性讨论。进一步实现了针对圆柱形模拟装置多工况下的内部气体流场稳态和非稳态计算仿真,并对计算结果进行了分析讨论,为火星大气环境模拟装置的设计提供了技术支持和参考。     

火星大气O3光谱探测技术

O3是火星大气中最重要、最活跃的分子之一,它不仅能够控制到达火星地面的紫外光通量,而且能够追踪大气中水蒸气光化解产生的HOX基,同时也是建立火星大气光化学模型的基础。文章主要描述通过天基遥感和地基遥感两种方法探测得到火星大气O3含量,包括空间和时间的分布、垂直剖面及其变化;具体分析了两种方法的探测机理,详细描述了国际相应光谱仪的整机结构和探测的重要成果,为中国进行深空探测提供了参考。     

刚性轮与模拟月壤相互作用初步研究

文章在初步总结当前月球车轮与月面土壤相互作用研究成果的基础上,利用自主开发的仿真平台开展了刚性车轮和模拟月壤的相互作用的仿真计算,并与土槽试验结果进行了初步的对比研究。研究表明,仿真结果和试验的测量值误差在30%以内,尤其在车轮的垂直沉陷量的计算上和试验结果一致性较好,从而验证了轮-土相互作用的模型的局部合理性,但是在切向力的计算上还存在一定的误差,需要继续完善。     

CAS-1 lunar soil simulant

Lunar soil simulant is a geochemical reproduction of lunar regolith, and is needed for lunar science and engineering researches. This paper describes a new lunar soil simulant, CAS-1, prepared by the Chinese Academy of Sciences, to support lunar orbiter, soft-landing mission and sample return missions of China’s Lunar Exploration Program, which is scheduled for 2004–2020. Such simulants should match the samples returned from the Moon, all collected from the lunar regolith rather than outcrops. The average mineral and chemical composition of lunar soil sample returned from the Apollo 14 mission, which landed on the Fra Mauro Formation, is chosen as the model for the CAS-1 simulant. Source material for this simulant was a low-Ti basaltic scoria dated at 1600 years from the late Quaternary volcanic area in the Changbai Mountains of northeast China. The main minerals of this rock are pyroxene, olivine, and minor plagioclase, and about 20–40% modal glass. The scoria was analyzed by XRF and found to be chemically similar to Apollo 14 lunar sample 14163. It was crushed in an impact mill with a resulting median particle size 85.9 μm, similar to Apollo soils. Bulk density, shear resistance, complex permittivity, and reflectance spectra were also similar to Apollo 14 soil. We conclude that CAS-1 is an ideal lunar soil simulant for science and engineering research of future lunar exploration program.     

工业废渣制备软土地基固化剂设计方法探讨

探讨了拟加固土的化学性质因素对固化剂水化物生成的影响和对策、形成最佳固化土结构需要的水化物体系特点、不同种类水化物生成过程的协调性及调控方法.在此基础上,根据工业废渣在制备软土固化剂中的技术优势,提出了利用工业废渣制备软土地基固化剂的设计思想与方法,并给出设计实例.试验结果表明利用工业废渣制备固化剂时采用本设计方法,固化土28d无侧限抗压强度比水泥固化土提高了1.5~2.75倍.     

菜心土壤速效磷丰缺指标及合理施磷量研究

在广东赤红壤地区不同土壤磷含量的菜园土进行菜心磷肥田间试验.根据18个试点的试验结果,提出了质地为中壤土的菜园种植菜心的土壤速效磷丰缺指标,菜心产量与土壤速效磷含量呈抛物线相关.施磷肥增产显著的菜田占68%,增产率为28%～51%;适宜的土壤速效磷(P)为54.6～87.8 mg·kg~(-1);低于此范围应补充磷肥,超过此范围应控制施磷肥.不同磷肥施用量试验结果表明,菜心产量与施磷肥量呈抛物线相关,在低、中、高肥力水平的菜园土种植菜心,要求菜心产量达到6 441～6 515、6 542～6 693和6 880～7 189 kg·hm~(-2)时,推荐磷肥(P_2O_5)用量分别为50.0～76.5、50.0～72.6和50.0～64.1 kg·hm~(-2).     

Microwave Brightness Temperature and Lunar Soil Dielectric Property Retrieve

Among many scientific objectives of lunar exploration, investigations on lunar soil become more and more attractive to the scientists duo to the existence of abundant 3He and ilmenite in the lunar soil and their possible utilization. Although the soil composition determination on the lunar surface is available by visible light spectrometer,γ/X-ray spectrometer etc, the evaluations on the total reserves of 3He and ilmenite in the lunar deep and on the thickness of the lunar soil are still impossible so far. In this paper, the authors first give a rough analysis of the microwave brightness temperature images of the lunar disc observed using the NRAO 12 Meter Telescope and Siberian Solar Radio Telescope; then introduce our researches on the microwave dielectric properties of lunar soil simulators; finally, discuss some basic relations between the microwave brightness temperature and lunar soil properties.     

Microwave Brightness Temperature and Lunar Son Dielectric Property Retrieve

Among many scientific objectives of lunar exploration, investigations on lunar soil become more and more attractive to the scientists duo to the existence of abundant 3He and ilmenite in the lunar soil and their possible utilization. Although the soil composition determination on the lunar surface is available by visible light spectrometer, γ/X-ray spectrometer etc, the evaluations on the total reserves of 3He and ilmenite in the lunar deep and on the thickness of the lunar soil are still impossible so far. In this paper, the authors first give a rough analysis of the microwave brightness temperature images of the lunar disc observed using the NRAO 12 Meter Telescope and Siberian Solar Radio Telescope; then introduce our researches on the microwave dielectric properties of lunar soil simulators; finally, discuss some basic relations between the microwave brightness temperature and lunar soil properties.