六轴联动电火花加工电极的动态规划

本文提出了一种加工复杂构型的整体涡轮通道的创新思路，首先依据求解最优控制理论的现代变分法建立了电极成形运动的变分模型，根据动态规划原理提出了这一类变分问题的数值解法，并运用实例验证了所提出的这一创新思想的可行性及有效性。     

Contribution of satellite laser ranging to combined gravity field models

In the framework of satellite-only gravity field modeling, satellite laser ranging (SLR) data is typically exploited to recover long-wavelength features. This contribution provides a detailed discussion of the SLR component of GOCO02S, the latest release of combined models within the GOCO series. Over a period of five years (January 2006 to December 2010), observations to LAGEOS-1, LAGEOS-2, Ajisai, Stella, and Starlette were analyzed. We conducted a series of closed-loop simulations and found that estimating monthly sets of spherical harmonic coefficients beyond degree five leads to exceedingly ill-posed normal equation systems. Therefore, we adopted degree five as the spectral resolution for real data analysis. We compared our monthly coefficient estimates of degree two with SLR and Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) time series provided by the Center for Space Research (CSR) at Austin, Texas. Significant deviations in C₂₀ were noted between SLR and GRACE; the agreement is better for the non-zonal coefficients. Fitting sinusoids together with a linear trend to our C₂₀ time series yielded a rate of (−1.75 ± 0.6) × 10⁻¹¹/yr; this drift is equivalent to a geoid change from pole to equator of 0.35 ± 0.12 mm/yr or an apparent Greenland mass loss of 178.5 ± 61.2 km³/yr. The mean of all monthly solutions, averaged over the five-year period, served as input for the satellite-only model GOCO02S. The contribution of SLR to the combined gravity field model is highest for C₂₀, and hence is essential for the determination of the Earth’s oblateness.     

Solar polar magnetic field dependency of geomagnetic activity semiannual variation indicated in the Aa index

Three major hypotheses have been proposed to explain the well-known semiannual variation of geomagnetic activity, maxima at equinoxes and minima at solstices. This study examined whether the seasonal variation of equinoctial geomagnetic activity is different in periods of opposite solar magnetic polarity in order to understand the contribution of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) in the Sun-Earth connection. Solar magnetic polarity is parallel to the Earth’s polarity in solar minimum years of odd/even cycles but antiparallel in solar minimum years of even/odd cycles. The daily mean of the aa, Aa indices during each solar minimum was compared for periods when the solar magnetic polarity remained in opposite dipole conditions. The Aa index values were used for each of the three years surrounding the solar minimum years of the 14 solar cycles recorded since 1856. The Aa index reflects seasonal variation in geomagnetic activity, which is greater at the equinoxes than at the solstices. The Aa index reveals solar magnetic polarity dependency in which the geomagnetic activity is stronger in the antiparallel solar magnetic polarity condition than in the parallel one. The periodicity in semiannual variation of the Aa index is stronger in the antiparallel solar polar magnetic field period than in the parallel period. Additionally, we suggest the favorable IMF condition of the semiannual variation in geomagnetic activity. The orientation of IMF toward the Sun in spring and away from the Sun in fall mainly contributes to the semiannual variation of geomagnetic activity in both antiparallel and parallel solar minimum years.     

27-day variations of the galactic cosmic ray intensity and anisotropy in the minimum of the 23rd solar activity cycle

We study the 27-day variations of the solar wind velocity, galactic cosmic ray (GCR) intensity and anisotropy in the last minimum epoch of solar activity (2007–2009, A < 0). The average amplitude of the 27-day variation of the galactic cosmic ray anisotropy (A27A) in the current minimum epoch of solar activity (2007–2009, A < 0) is lesser than in previous positive polarity period as it is expected from the drift theory. So, polarity dependence rule for the 27-day variation of the GCR anisotropy is fully kept. It is a universal principle for the amplitudes of the 27-day variation of the GCR anisotropy. At the same time, the average amplitude of the 27-day variation of the GCR intensity (A27I) remains at the same level as for previous minimum epoch 1995–1997 (A > 0) showing by the same token an violation of its polarity dependence rule established earlier. We assume that this phenomenon could be generally related with the well established 27-day variation of the solar wind velocity being in anti-correlation with the similar changes of the 27-day variation of the GCR intensity. Generally, a character of the heliolongitudinal asymmetry of spatial large-scale structure of the solar wind velocity (SWV) established in the recent minimum epoch, preferentially pronounces in the behavior of the 27-day variation of the GCR intensity than anisotropy. The formation of the 27-day variation of the GCR anisotropy preferentially takes place in a restricted disk like local vicinity in the helioequatorial region, whilst the 27-day variation of the GCR intensity is formed in the global three dimensional vicinity of the heliosphere.     

Annual,seasonal and diurnal variations of integrated water vapor using GPS observations over Hyderabad,a tropical station

This paper presents annual, seasonal and diurnal variations of integrated water vapor (IWV) derived from Global Positioning System (GPS) measurements for a tropical site, Hyderabad (17.4° N, 78.46° E). The zenith wet delay (ZWD) due to the troposphere has been computed using GPS observations and collocated meteorological data. ZWD is converted to IWV with very little added uncertainty. Mean monthly IWV values show maximum in July (~50 kg m⁻²) and minimum in December (~15 kg m⁻²). Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) and Harmonic analyses methods have been adopted to extract amplitudes and phases of diurnal (24 h), semi-diurnal (12 h) and ter-diurnal (8 h) oscillations which yielded comparable results. Amplitude of the 24 h component is observed to be maximum in spring whereas 12 h and 8 h components maximize in summer. A cross-correlation study between available daily IWV values and corresponding surface temperatures over one year produced a good correlation coefficient (0.44). The correlation obtained for different seasons got reduced to 0.25, 0.02, −0.39 and 0.21 for winter, spring, summer and autumn seasons respectively. The correlation between IWV and rainfall is poor. The coefficients obtained for the whole year is 0.05 and −0.13 for the rainy season.     

Comparison of observed hmF2 and IRI 2007 model with M(3000)F2 estimation of hmF2 at low solar activity for an equatorial station

This is to investigate ways of improving the Equatorial F2-layer peak heights estimated from M(3000)F2 ionosonde data measured using the Ionospheric Prediction Service (IPS-42) sounder at Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso (Latitude +12.4°N, Longitude +1.5°W, Dip latitude +5.9°N) during a low solar activity year (1995). For this purpose, we have compared the observed h_mF2 (h_mF2_obs) deduced using an algorithm from scaled virtual heights of quiet day ionograms and the predicted h_mF2 values which is given by the IRI 2007 model (h_mF2_{IRI 2007}) with the ionosonde measured M(3000)F2 estimation of the h_mF2 values (h_mF2_est) respectively. The correlation coefficients R² for all the seasons were found to range from 0.259 to 0.692 for h_mF2_obs values, while it ranges from 0.551 to 0.875 for the h_mF2_{IRI 2007} values. During the nighttime, estimated h_mF2 (h_mF2_est) was found to be positively correlated with the h_mF2_obs values by the post-sunset peak representation which is also represented by the h_mF2_{IRI 2007} values. We also investigated the validity of the h_mF2_est values by finding the percentage deviations when compared with the h_mF2_obs and h_mF2_{IRI 2007}.     

北五味子光合日变化特性的研究

用LI-6400型光合测定系统,测定了北五味子Schisandra chinensis Baill叶片光合作用的日变化,结果表明,北五味子叶片净光合速率(Pn)呈双峰型变化.清晨随着日出,Pn随光照强度和温度的增加而增加,在11:00达到高峰,随后下降,到15:00时出现第2个高峰,但峰值比第1个的低.5:00-11:00及15:00-19:00的光合变化与光照强度和温度的变化趋势基本一致,11:00-14:00光合作用随光照强度和温度的增加而下降,出现了明显的光合"午休"现象.相关性分析表明,光合午休与中午高光强、高温和低湿有关.气孔导度(Gs)和蒸腾速率(Tr)也为双峰型曲线,Pn与Gs、Tr呈显著正相关,通过对胞间二氧化碳浓度的分析表明,气孔限制在北五味子叶片的"光合午休"中起了一定作用.     

基于PIV技术的沙棘柔性坝影响下水流表面流速沿程变化特性试验分析

基于PIV技术,在野外试验基地,开展了沙棘植物柔性坝对水流表面流速场影响的野外试验.探索在大型野外水流试验中应用PIV技术的可行性.主要分析与讨论了沙棘植物柔性坝作用下水流表面流速的沿程变化特性,以反映沙棘植物对水流的阻滞效应.结果表明:将PIV技术应用于大型野外水流试验研究中是可行的;与无植物的对比段对比表明,植物对水流具有很强的阻滞消能作用,坝前表面流速最大,水流进入沙棘柔性坝后,表面流速迅速减小,水化雍高;受植物排的影响,沙棘柔性坝水流表面流速变化表现出缓慢的波浪型态或曲折的"之"字变化型态;水流流出沙棘柔性坝后,表面流速沿程开始逐渐恢复,并趋向于坝前对比段表面流速分布.本研究可为山区沟道开展以植物为主体的滞流拦沙水土保持生态工程提供理论依据.     

热控涂层红外发射率对GEO卫星蓄电池温度波动的影响

在东方红一3卫星平台的基础上,将合理简化后的南蓄电池舱作为热分析模型。根据影响蓄电池温度波动的机理,提出服务舱舱板内表面常用热控涂层（白漆、镀铝膜、碳蒙皮）的5种组合方案,并量化分析了热控涂层红外发射率对蓄电池温度波动的影响。分析结果表明：降低蓄电池舱舱板内表面热控涂层红外发射率,尤其是降低蓄电池安装舱板表面的热控涂层红外发射率,可有效减小蓄电池温度波动幅度。与基准方案相比,最优组合方案能使蓄电池温度波动幅度降低50％。     

相对振型转换法求解分段线性边界条件连续体振动响应的优点

为了研究航天领域关注的非线性连接结构对整体结构振动响应的影响,文章利用变分原理,重新推导了基于振型转换的求解具有任意分段线性及可以转换为分段线性边界条件的连续体振动响应的方法——相对振型转换法,并与文献[10]中的混合方法的推导过程进行了对比,印证了相对振型转换法的正确性及其优点。针对一个施加均布载荷的端点单侧带阻挡的悬臂梁算例,分别应用相对振型转换法及力积分法进行了求解,通过悬臂梁端点的分岔响应研究了系统的非线性响应,讨论了两种方法得到的结果。