应用空间技术 GPS 监测地震

空间定位技术GPS 可以达到很高的相对定位精度(10~(-6)～10~(-8)),是监测地壳运动、进行地震预报的一种新手段。中国华北是一个地震活跃地区。应用GPS 技术在华北布设了一个地震监测网,经过精心观测、优化设计和严密平差,获得了高精度的第一期成果。华北GPS 网的建立将为大震预测和地球科学各领域的研究提供重要的科学依据。     

GNSS实时卫星钟差估计在地震监测中的应用

为快速、有效地获取地震发生阶段震源周边地区站点的动态位移，为地震预警系统提供高可靠性的地表形变信息，利用全球导航卫星系统（global navigation satellite system, GNSS）高频观测数据，基于非差估计法对多模GNSS卫星钟差进行实时估计及性能分析，并将其应用于精密单点定位（precise point positioning, PPP）实时计算2021年漾濞Mw6.4地震和玛多Mw 7.4地震的地面动态形变。结果表明,GNSS四系统实时估计卫星钟差的标准差（standard deviation, STD）均值为0.142 ns，其多系统组合PPP动态解的平均标准差在水平方向达到0.5 cm，高程方向达到1.0 cm，计算得到的地震动态位移波形相对GPS单系统更为稳定，而且能够获得较为准确的同震形变。     

Decline of geomagnetic and ionospheric activity at earthquake during spotless Sun

We investigate the geomagnetic and ionospheric effects of seismic activity during 1954 Sun spotless days (SSL) from 1995 to 2020. Two subsets of earthquakes (EQ) are evaluated for 676 events observed with the depth D1 ≤ 30 km and 1278 events with D2 > 30 km and the total set SSL. Newly developed 1 h geomagnetic index Hpo and the ionospheric W_EQ index are used for the comparisons with the daily peak earthquake. The ionosphere W_EQ index is derived at the EQ epicenter from JPL GIM-TEC map within the cell of 2.5°×5°, in latitude φ and longitude λ surrounding the epicenter at radius of about 200 km. We use the method of superposed epoch with the zero epoch time t₀ taken at EQ to extract peak values of Hpo and W_EQ during t₀-24 h ≤ t < t₀ (preEQ) and t₀ < t ≤ t₀ + 24 h (postEQ). It is found that the magnitude of Hpo(t₀) is less that the both peaks of Hpo(preEQ) and Hpo(postEQ) in 91 % of events independent of EQ’s depth. Similar effect is observed with the peak of the positive/negative ionosphere indices and the absolute values of |W(preEQ)| and |W(postEQ)| the both exceeding |W_EQ| in 77 % of events. The seismic activity tends to increase towards the solar minimum when SSLs occur. Our results provide evidence that EQ-related geomagnetic and ionospheric activities experience decline of intensity at the time of EQ under SSL.