航空发动机限寿件表面特征概率损伤容限评估

为满足航空发动机适航规章(FAR/CCAR33.70)限寿件安全性评估要求,系统总结了基于特殊材料数据库、线弹性断裂力学分析与表面特征失效概率分析的表面特征概率损伤容限评估方法。以表面孔特征为例,总结分析符合适航规章要求的孔特征概率损伤容限评估流程,描述优化的孔特征评估方法,根据咨询通告AC33.70-2中带孔特征轮盘算例完成概率损伤容限评估模型的验证。结果表明:20 000循环寿命期内,不进行无损检测和在4 000及8 000循环对相互独立的90%部件进行两次无损检测的失效概率分别为2.677×10-4和1.514×10-4,符合适航算例校准要求。基于优化评估方法计算的失效概率为3.406×10-4,可初步判定表面特征适航符合性。该评估方法为限寿件表面孔特征评估提供技术支持,并对其他表面特征的评估具有一定的指导意义。      

超声速非平衡电离磁流体动力技术实验系统

介绍了超声速非平衡电离磁流体动力技术实验系统的设计思想和组成,设计、制作了马赫数为3.5的吸气式双喉道风洞,采用以陶瓷板为阻挡介质的电容耦合射频阻挡放电,实现了超声速流场中大体积、连续、稳定、均匀等离子体的产生.主要结论有:实验测试风洞稳定工作时间为18s,稳定运行时实验段静压为650Pa;电容耦合射频放电典型工作状态下,通过伏安诊断法测出超声速条件下等离子体的电导率为1.27×10-3S/m.      

基于脉冲激光定位的SRAM单粒子闩锁事件率预估

器件单粒子闩锁效应(SEL)预估方法一般是建立在只有一个敏感体积单元的长方体(RPP)模型上,静态随机存储器(SRAM)单粒子闩锁敏感区的定位试验结果表明敏感体积单元不仅有一个.利用脉冲激光定位SRAM K6R4016V1D单粒子闩锁效应敏感区的试验结果对器件在轨SEL事件率进行了修正计算.首先利用脉冲激光定位SRAM SEL敏感区,获得敏感区的分布情况,并确定整个器件敏感体积单元的数量.然后针对不同的空间轨道、辐射粒子以及敏感体积厚度和敏感体积单元数进行了相应的器件SEL事件率计算,并对计算结果进行了分析讨论.结果表明,重离子引起的SEL事件率随敏感体积单元数量的增大而减小;修正敏感体积单元数量对预估质子引起的SEL事件率非常必要,否则将会过高评估质子直接电离作用对SEL事件率的贡献.      

地球卫星运动中坐标系附加摄动与参考系选择问题

针对地球赤道面的摆动,曾提出过两种空间地心赤道坐标系,即历元地心平赤道坐标系和混合形式的轨道坐标系.在后一种坐标系中虽然可避免计算因地球引力位变化所引起的坐标系附加摄动的麻烦,但这又带来了两种坐标系之间的不统一和转换的麻烦.针对实际现状,直接在历元地心平赤道坐标系中给出相应的坐标系附加摄动解,所有与此有关的转换问题,均可在历元地心平赤道坐标系中进行,而无需为了避免坐标系附加摄动的计算去通过轨道坐标系来实现.从而建议,不必再引进轨道坐标系,在卫星定轨和预报中,所有的转换问题均可采用同一坐标系,即历元(目前是J2000.0)地心平赤道坐标系.      

Responses of the African equatorial ionization anomaly (EIA) to some selected intense geomagnetic storms during the maximum phase of solar cycle 24

This study investigates the morphology of the GPS TEC responses in the African Equatorial Ionization Anomaly (EIA) region to intense geomagnetic storms during the ascending and maximum phases of solar cycle 24 (2012–2014). Specifically, eight intense geomagnetic storms with Dst ≤ ?100 nT were considered in this investigation using TEC data obtained from 13 GNSS receivers in the East African region within 36–42°E geographic longitude; 29°N–10°S geographic latitude; ± 20°N magnetic latitude. The storm-time behavior of TEC shows clear positive and negative phases relative to the non-storm (median) behavior, with amplitudes being dependent on the time of sudden commencement of the storm and location. When a storm starts in the morning period, total electron content increases for all stations while a decrease in total electron content is manifested for a storm that had its sudden commencement in the afternoon period. The TEC and the EIA crest during the main phase of the storm is significantly impacted by the geomagnetic storm, which experiences an increase in the intensity of TEC while the location and spread of the crest usually manifest a poleward expansion.     

How cosmic rays were discovered and why they received this misnomer

As many great discoveries, the phenomenon of cosmic rays was discovered mainly accidentally, during investigations that sought to answer another question: what are sources of air ionization? This problem became interesting for science about 230 years ago in the end of the 18th century, when physics met with a problem of leakage of electrical charge from very good isolated bodies. We describe the history how step by step cosmic rays was discovered and why this phenomenon received misnomer, how in cosmic rays was discovered the first antiparticle – positron. These discoveries were recognized among greatest in the 20th Century and were awarded by Nobel Prize.     

Creation of model of quasi-trapped proton fluxes below Earth’s radiation belt

The object of investigation is the phenomenon of proton (from tens keV to several MeV) flux enhancement in near-equatorial region (L < 1.15) at altitude up to ∼1300 km (the storm-time equatorial belt). These fluxes are quite small but the problem of their origin is more interesting than the possible damage they can produce. The well known sources of these protons are radiation belt and ring current. The mechanism of transport is the charge-exchange on neutral hydrogen of exosphere and the charge-exchange on oxygen of upper atmosphere. Therefore this belt is something like the ring current projection to low altitudes. Using the large set of satellites data we obtain the average energy spectrum, the approximation of spectrum using kappa-function, the flux dependence on L, B geomagnetic parameters. On the basis of more than 30 years of experimental observations we made the empiric model that extends model of proton fluxes below 100 keV in the region of small L-values (L < 1.15). The model was realized as the package of programs integrated into COSRAD system available via Internet. The model can be used for revision of estimation of dose that low-orbital space devices obtain.     

Diagnostics of equatorial and low latitude ionosphere by TEC mapping over Brazil

The total electron content (TEC) in the equatorial and low-latitude ionosphere over Brazil was monitored in two dimensions by using 2011 data from the ground-based global navigation satellite system (GNSS) receiver network operated by the Brazilian Institute for Geography and Statistics. It was possible to monitor the spatial and temporal variations in TEC over Brazil continuously during both day and night with a temporal interval of 10 min and a spatial resolution of about 400 km. The daytime equatorial ionization anomaly (EIA) and post-sunset plasma enhancement (PS-EIA) were monitored over an area corresponding to a longitudinal extension of 4000 km in South America. Considerable day-to-day variation was observed in EIA and PS-EIA. A large latitudinal and longitudinal gradient of TEC indicated a significant ionospheric range error in application of the GNSS positioning system. Large-scale plasma bubbles after sunset were also mapped over a wide range. Depletions with longitudinally separated by more than 800 km were observed. They were extended by more than 2000 km along the magnetic field lines and drifted eastward. It is expected that 2-dimensional TEC mapping can serve as a useful tool for diagnosing ionospheric weather, such as temporal and spatial variation in the equatorial plasma trough and crest, and particularly for monitoring the dynamics of plasma bubbles.     

Study of hot flow anomalies using Cluster multi-spacecraft measurements

Hot flow anomalies (HFAs) were first discovered in the early 1980s at the bow shock of the Earth. In the 1990s these features were studied, observed and simulated very intensively and many new missions (Cluster, THEMIS, Cassini and Venus Express) focused the attention to this phenomenon again. Many basic features and the HFA formation mechanism were clarified observationally and using hybrid simulation techniques. We described previous observational, theoretical and simulation results in the research field of HFAs. We introduced HFA observations performed at the Earth, Mars, Venus and Saturn in this paper. We share different observation results of space mission to give an overview to the reader.