尖前缘翼干扰区的壁面压力和热流率分布

本文给出Ｍ＿∞＝７．８和６．７２，Ｒｅ＝３．５×１０￣７／ｍ和５．４×１０￣７／ｍ气流绕迎角为２０°、３０°和３５°尖前缘翼运动时，平板锥型干扰区的壁面压力和热流率分布。结果表明：（１）平板锥型干扰区的特征几何尺度与无粘激波角β＿０和翼迎角α相关，而壁面压力和热流率的峰值与法向马赫数Ｍ＿ｎ相关。（２）翼面压力和热流率分布由于受拐角涡影响，前者在翼根部呈波谷状，而后者呈波峰状，影响尺度与翼前缘处来流边界层厚度有关。     

A Comparative Study of the Influence of the Active Young Sun on the Early Atmospheres of Earth, Venus, and Mars

Because the solar radiation and particle environment plays a major role in all atmospheric processes such as ionization, dissociation, heating of the upper atmospheres, and thermal and non-thermal atmospheric loss processes, the long-time evolution of planetary atmospheres and their water inventories can only be understood within the context of the evolving Sun. We compare the effect of solar induced X-ray and EUV (XUV) heating on the upper atmospheres of Earth, Venus and Mars since the time when the Sun arrived at the Zero-Age-Main-Sequence (ZAMS) about 4.6 Gyr ago. We apply a diffusive-gravitational equilibrium and thermal balance model for studying heating of the early thermospheres by photodissociation and ionization processes, due to exothermic chemical reactions and cooling by IR-radiating molecules like CO₂, NO, OH, etc. Our model simulations result in extended thermospheres for early Earth, Venus and Mars. The exospheric temperatures obtained for all the three planets during this time period lead to diffusion-limited hydrodynamic escape of atomic hydrogen and high Jeans’ escape rates for heavier species like H₂, He, C, N, O, etc. The duration of this blow-off phase for atomic hydrogen depends essentially on the mixing ratios of CO₂, N₂ and H₂O in the atmospheres and could last from ∼100 to several hundred million years. Furthermore, we study the efficiency of various non-thermal atmospheric loss processes on Venus and Mars and investigate the possible protecting effect of the early martian magnetosphere against solar wind induced ion pick up erosion. We find that the early martian magnetic field could decrease the ion-related non-thermal escape rates by a great amount. It is possible that non-magnetized early Mars could have lost its whole atmosphere due to the combined effect of its extended upper atmosphere and a dense solar wind plasma flow of the young Sun during about 200 Myr after the Sun arrived at the ZAMS. Depending on the solar wind parameters, our model simulations for early Venus show that ion pick up by strong solar wind from a non-magnetized planet could erode up to an equivalent amount of ∼250 bar of O⁺ ions during the first several hundred million years. This accumulated loss corresponds to an equivalent mass of ∼1 terrestrial ocean (TO (1 TO ∼1.39×10²⁴ g or expressed as partial pressure, about 265 bar, which corresponds to ∼2900 m average depth)). Finally, we discuss and compare our findings with the results of preceding studies.     

气动加热模拟试验加热系统控制研究

本文通过理论分析和试验测试研究了可控硅功率调节装置和石英灯加热器的动特性，提出了通过系统识别的方法研究石英灯加热器的静特性；在研究被控对象特性基础上找到了对任意一个石英灯加热器组成的被控对象进行非线性PID控制器的设计方法。这些方法提高了控制的质量，缩短了试验准备的周期，并进行准自适应控制，从而改善了气动加热模拟试验加热系统的控制效果。     

航天飞机防热瓦缝隙气动加热的讨论

本文根据航天飞机防热瓦缝隙流动的特点,从二维定常不可压缩层流的 N-S方程出发,提出了一个简化流动模型,即缝隙的二维流动可近似当作两个准一维沟槽流动的线性迭加,由此给出了缝隙中的热流率与压力、压力梯度和缝隙宽度的变化规律,并利用现有的实验结果作了验证。     

极光区电离层Hall电导率的观测及其在E层电子加热情况下的特征

本文利用欧洲的ＥＩＳＣＡＴ雷达观测资料及与这配合的地磁观测数据，用电离层参数直接计算和地面磁场反演两种方法导出了极区电离层Ｈａｌｌ电导率，特别显示出在强对流电场激发的Ｅ层等离子体不稳定波对电子加热情况下，电导率明显增高。     

瞬态气动模拟加热控制中的快速高精度"E-T"转换

为了准确模拟飞行器在高速飞行时的瞬态气动加热状态,必须使用快速、高精度的计算机瞬态热能控制系统,对气动模拟试验的加热过程,实行快速、高精度的非线性动态控制.为此,传感器的快速、高精度"E-T"转换是一个必须解决的非常重要的问题.提出一种高速飞行器瞬态气动加热控制系统中传感器的快速、高精度"E-T"转换方法.该方法具有计算简单、转换速度快、校正精度高的优点,使用该方法实现了高速飞行器气动加热过程中温度场高速变化状态下的瞬态非线性动态控制.     

高空高速无人飞行器热控制系统设计

针对飞行时间短、速度和高度变化快、表面温度波动大的无人飞行器UAV(Unmanned Aerial Vehicles)热控制系统设计难题,提出了一种可解决实际工程问题的热分析计算方法.即把热天工况、冷天工况和标准天工况作为设计/试验工况;采用参考温度法、高超音速工程预测法或计算流体动力学CFD(Computational Fluid Dynamics)数值模拟法,确定了飞行器表面温度分布,并把其作为后续热分析数学模型的外边界条件;分析结构热容量对瞬态热载荷的影响,建立与之相应的边值问题方程,并采用有限差分法求解;根据高空高速飞行特点及瞬态热载荷值,确定仪器设备舱调温系统方案.     

Study of GNSS-measured ionospheric total electron content variations generated by powerful HF-heating

The purpose of this work is to report the experimental evidences for the influence of perturbations in the electron density in the dayside mid-latitude ionosphere, that are caused by high-frequency heating of the F2 layer, on the GNSS signals. The experiments were carried out at the Sura heater (Radio Physical Research Institute, N. Novgorod). During the sessions of ionospheric heating with different time modulations of the radiated power the rays linking the navigational satellites with the ground receiver intersected the heated region. Variations in the total electron content (TEC) were studied; these variations are proportional to the reduced phases of navigational signals. It is shown that with the square-wave modulation of the radiated power (with periods of 1, 6, 10 and 15 min), perturbations with periods of the main modulation of heating and its harmonics appear in the spectrum of TEC variations. Examples are presented of identification of the heating-induced variations in TEC, including determination of the amplitudes and time characteristics of these variations.     

基于自动控制的蒸汽式热压机加热控制系统研究

介绍一种用于多层加热加压聚合生产绝缘材料的热压机加热系统,它具有自动化程度高、高效、节能的特点,将现有的蒸汽式加热系统的温度均匀性控制提高到一个新的台阶。     

电机变频控制实现换热器节能的应用研究

结合寒冷地区气候特点与通信机房温控的现状,针对50%浓度乙二醇溶液为工质的换热器,试验研究了自然冷源利用率与换热器自身变频节能的关系。结合乙二醇冷剂的特性,通过建立功率与频率关系模型、温差与功率和频率关系模型,实现了换热器循环泵和风机的变频控制策略。结果表明:在室内外温差、换热功率与循环泵、风机频率同时满足的条件下,以功率模型作为参数进行换热器自身的变频节能是可行的。通过对哈尔滨地区的气候数据与散热房控温试验分析,证明了乙二醇换热器的变频节能效果。