后向台阶层流分离剪切层特性研究

应用激光测速仪对生向台阶层流边界层分离产生的剪切层在再附前的发展进行了测量，得到了时均速度、湍流强度及剪切层厚度等的分布特性，并研究了来流湍流度对台阶后流场湍强度分布及剪切层发展的影响，实验中发现台阶后有一个流速降低的区域，对此从涡动力学的角度作了解释。     

一种修正的Osher通量在高阶WCNS中的特性

将一种基于多维修正的Osher通量运用于高阶加权紧致非线性格式(WCNS)中,该修正通量主要在垂直于激波面的界面上增加耗散,能够改善Osher通量的激波捕捉稳定性,同时对边界层和接触间断的分辨率影响非常小。对修正的Osher通量在高阶WCNS中的特性进行研究,通过数值模拟测试了基于Osher通量的WCNS的激波稳定性、热流预测精度、边界层模拟能力、激波边界层干扰模拟能力,并与Steger-Warming通量和Roe通量进行了对比。结果表明修正后的Osher通量比Harten修正的Roe通量具有更好的激波捕捉鲁棒性,而边界层、驻点热流值和激波边界层干扰的模拟则明显优于Steger-Warming通量。上述结果说明了基于修正的Osher通量的高阶WCNS具有较好的激波捕捉特性、热流预测精度和边界层计算能力。     

Laminar flow control research at TsAGI: Past and present

This paper presents a brief review of activities in laminar flow control being performed at the Central Aerohydrodynamic Institute named after Prof. N.E. Zhukovsky (TsAGI). These efforts are focused on the improvement of the existing laminar flow control methods and on the development of new ones. The investigations have demonstrated the effectiveness of aircraft surface laminarization applications with the aim of friction drag reduction. The opportunity of considerable delaying of laminar-turbulent transition due to special wing profile geometry and using boundary layer suction and surface cooling has been verified at sub- and supersonic speeds through various wind tunnel testing at TsAGI and during flying laboratory experiments at the Flight Research Institute (LII). The investigations on using hybrid laminar flow control systems for friction drag reduction were also carried out. New techniques of laminar flow control were proposed, in particular, the method of local heating of the wing leading edge, boundary layer laminarization by means of receptivity control, and electrohydrodynamic methods of boundary layer stability control.     

Theoretical aspects of selecting repeated unit cell model in micromechanical analysis using displacement-based finite element method

Repeated Unit Cell(RUC)is a useful tool in micromechanical analysis of composites using Displacement-based Finite Element(DFE)method,and merely applying Periodic Displacement Boundary Conditions(PDBCs)to RUC is almost a standard practice to conduct such analysis.Two basic questions arising from this practice are whether Periodic Traction Boundary Conditions(PTBCs,also known as traction continuity conditions)are guaranteed and whether the solution is independent of selection of RUCs.This paper presents the theoretical aspects to tackle these questions,which unify the strong form,weak form and DFE method of the micromechanical problem together.Specifically,the solution’s independence of selection of RUCs is dealt with on the strong form side,PTBCs are derived from the weak form as natural boundary conditions,and the validity of merely applying PDBCs in micromechanical Finite Element(FE)analysis is proved by referring to its intrinsic connection to the strong form and weak form.Key points in the theoretical aspects are demonstrated by illustrative examples,and the merits of setting micromechanical FE analysis under the background of a clear theoretical framework are highlighted in the efficient selection of RUCs for Uni Directional(UD)fiber-reinforced composites.     

动力失效对起飞纵向气动特性影响数值研究

研究民用飞机动力失效对飞机起飞阶段纵向气动特性的影响规律及其机理,对保证飞机有效操纵和安全飞行具有重要意义.采用在点对点多块结构化网格系统上求解三维可压缩雷诺平均N-S方程的数值方法,研究发动机动力失效对某民用飞机起飞构型纵向气动特性的影响.通过DLR-F11模型验证研究方法对民用飞机高升力构型气动特性的预测能力;针对安装动力短舱的某翼吊涡扇发动机民用飞机起飞构型,通过对比其发动机在正常工况和失效时飞机气动特性的差异,得出动力失效对飞机纵向气动特性的影响规律及机理.结果表明:动力失效后,不但溢流效应会使飞机阻力系数增大;还会导致发动机进、排气特性较正常工作状态明显不同,恶化短舱附近流场,对飞机的升力、失速特性带来不利影响.     

螺旋桨飞机滑流非定常数值模拟研究

采用非定常数值模拟方法,基于滑移网格技术,分析研究螺旋桨滑流对全机气动特性的干扰影响。用多块结构网格数值模拟软件,从搭接边界建立、搭接网格生成、流场插值传递3个方面对螺旋桨滑移搭接网格的数值模拟方法进行全面详细的介绍,并且阐述基于该技术的非定常数值模拟方法。在此基础上,开展螺旋桨飞机模型验证计算,分析研究螺旋桨滑流对全机流场和气动性能的影响,通过与风洞实验数据的对比分析,验证滑移搭接网格技术的可行性与准确性。研究结果表明,基于滑移搭接网格技术的螺旋桨滑流数值模拟,可以真实反映螺旋桨滑流流场特性,为螺旋桨类飞机的设计评估提供一种有效的数值模拟手段,在工程方面具有重要的实用价值。     

离散粗糙元诱发边界层转捩的实验研究

针对直升机转子叶片模型表面离散粗糙元诱发边界层转捩问题开展了实验研究,分析不同雷诺数下粗糙元尺寸参数对转捩位置的影响。实验在中航工业气动院直升机转子叶片模拟装置进行,在模型转子叶片表面布置不同尺寸的离散柱状粗糙元,利用红外热像技术探测边界层转捩,并提出一种基于湍流／层流区域面积比的转捩位置判定准则,目的是实现边界层转捩位置自动识别,进而分析粗糙元尺寸参数对转捩位置的影响。实验转速为300至600 r／m,对应叶尖切向速度为25～40 m／s。实现了对旋转叶片边界层转捩位置的定量测量,通过实验验证,转捩位置判定算法正确可靠,初步得到了不同高度 DRE 诱发转捩位置与雷诺数之间的关系,随着粗糙元高度的增加,转捩位置逐渐靠前。     

CARDC 激波风洞 TSP 技术研究进展

从基本原理、关键技术和验证应用三个方面总结了近两年在中国空气动力研究与发展中心激波风洞中开展的温敏涂层(TSP)技术相关研究工作。通过解决快速响应温敏发光材料研制、模型研制、数据处理等一系列关键技术,完成图像采集系统、光学系统及标定系统的配套和系统集成,建立了一套适于激波风洞试验的高速 TSP 测量及标定系统。该技术可在激波风洞试验中获取模型被测面温敏涂层的发光图像,基于该图像可以直接观察模型表面热流分布和捕捉峰值热流的准确位置。结合温敏发光材料的物性参数标定数据,能够实现对模型表面热流的定量测量。不同于传统的传感器点热流测量技术只能得到模型表面有限数量的离散点的热流值,TSP 技术能够以高空间分辨率得到较大面积区域的详细热流分布信息,可更加全面的测量模型外表面的热环境,并且可以据此进一步分析和辨别边界层流态以及确定边界层转捩位置。试验对比表明,TSP 技术的测量结果与点热流传感器的测量结果具有良好的一致性。目前该技术已趋于成熟,在Φ2 m 和Φ0.6 m 激波风洞上成功应用于边界层转捩研究、局部干扰区热环境研究和复杂外形飞行器热环境研究等领域,已成为激波风洞除点测热技术之外又一重要测热技术。     

Effects of synthetic jet frequency on the separated flow in a diffusing S-duct

Numerical simulations were carried out to investigate the effects of synthetic jet actuation frequency on the separated flow in a diffusing S-duct. The Reynolds number based on the entrance height was 9.78×105. At first, the numerical model was validated with experimental data, and then, the interaction between the separated flow and the synthetic jets at different frequencies was discussed. The results demonstrate that the control effect is significantly dependent on the momentum mixing enhancement between inside of the separated boundary layer and the outer flow. There exists a narrow range of actuation frequency, in which effective separation control can be achieved using synthetic jets. A dimensionless frequency F+=1.0 is identified as the optimal frequency, with a momentum coefficient of 1.62×10-3, the separation area is reduced about 46%, and the aerodynamic performance of the S-duct is also greatly improved compared to uncontrolled case. Further analysis reveals that the choice of actuation frequency is mainly determined by the momentum flux produced by a single ejection and the spacing between adjacent ejections, the optimal frequency case can be understood as a balance between the two factors. In addition, it is found that the synthetic jets can also suppress the secondary flows while decreasing the separation.      

尾缘锯齿降低叶栅噪声的数值模拟

采用大涡模拟与声类比的方法研究了尾缘锯齿对涡轮叶栅噪声的影响.设计了两种不同的尾缘锯齿,对比了Re=3.3×105(基于叶片弦长与叶栅出口速度)下两种不同结构锯齿尾缘叶栅与直尾缘叶栅的声功率.结果表明:尾缘锯齿可以降低叶片吸力面边界层分离噪声约5dB,降低尾缘涡脱落噪声约10dB.进一步的研究表明,尾缘锯齿可以降低叶片尾缘附近表面的压力脉动幅值约50%,将展向相关尺度较大的涡破碎成展向相关尺度较小的涡,并消除尾缘脱落涡,这三者的综合作用使噪声得到降低.