大型低轨航天器与星座卫星的碰撞风险研究

针对商业小卫星星座迅猛发展对航天器飞行安全造成潜在威胁的问题，以600 km高度星座和大型低轨航天器为研究对象，通过区域方法(BOX)和碰撞概率风险评估方法，分析了星座与大型低轨航天器的碰撞风险。根据星座轨道演化分析表明，整个星座卫星与大型低轨航天器可能发生碰撞的时间相对集中，持续时间约 1~ 2年。BOX方法计算结果表明，每颗卫星与大型低轨航天器交会，并进入红色预警门限的交会次数约10次左右。碰撞概率计算结果表明，约有5%的卫星进入红色预警门限，星座如果在寿命末期采取无控再入将对大型低轨航天器在1~2年内产生较大的威胁。     

Near real-time BDS GEO satellite orbit determination and maneuver analysis with reversed point positioning

The Geostationary Earth Orbit (GEO) satellite is a crucial part of the BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS) constellation. However, due to various perturbation forces acting on the GEO satellite, it drifts gradually over time. Thus, frequent orbit maneuvers are required to maintain the satellite at its designed position. During the orbit maneuver and recovery periods, the orbit quality of the maneuvered satellite computed with broadcast navigation ephemeris will be significantly degraded. Furthermore, the conventional dynamic Precise Orbit Determination (POD) approach may not work well, because of a lack of publicly available satellite information for modeling the thrust forces. In this paper, a near real-time approach free of thrust forces modeling is proposed for BDS GEO satellite orbit determination and maneuver analysis based on the Reversed Point Positioning (RPP). First, the station coordinates and receiver clock offsets are estimated by GPS/BDS combined Single Point Positioning (SPP) with single-frequency phase-smoothed pseudorange observations. Then, with the fixed station coordinates and receiver clock offsets, the RPP method can be conducted to determine the GEO satellite orbits. When no orbit maneuvers occur, the proposed method can obtain orbit accuracies of 0.92, 2.74, and 8.30?m in the radial, along-track, and cross-track directions, respectively. The average orbit-only Signal-In-Space Range Error (SISRE) is 1.23?m, which is slightly poorer than that of the broadcast navigation ephemeris. Using four days of GEO maneuvered datasets, it is further demonstrated that the derived orbits can be employed to characterize the behaviors of GEO satellite maneuvers, such as the time span of the maneuver as well as the satellite thrusting accelerations. These results prove the efficiency of the proposed method for near real-time GEO satellite orbit determination during maneuvers.     

近地径向等质量共线三星库仑编队飞行队形保持研究

研究了近地径向等质量共线三星库仑编队飞行队形保持控制问题。针对三星库仑编队相对运动动力学的复杂性，运用绳系编队的建模思想，建立了径向等质量共线三星库仑力编队在地球同步轨道处的非线性相对运动动力学模型。考虑库仑编队动力学特性和环境干扰不确定因素影响，基于该非线性动力学模型，设计了地球同步轨道处的等质量三星库仑编队滑膜反馈控制律，在滑模控制中加入了线性反馈项提高控制器的稳定性和准确性，同时保证了编队整体的鲁棒性。仿真结果表明,该控制律能够使编队达到预期静态构型，具有良好的控制性能。     

Autonomous orbit determination using epoch-differenced gravity gradients and starlight refraction

Autonomous orbit determination via integration of epoch-differenced gravity gradients and starlight refraction is proposed in this paper for low-Earth-orbiting satellites operating in GPS-denied environments.Starlight refraction compensates for the significant along-track position error that occurs from only using gravity gradients and benefits from integration in terms of improved accuracy in radial and cross-track position estimates.The between-epoch differencing of gravity gradients is employed to eliminate slowly varying measurement biases and noise near the orbit revolution frequency.The refraction angle measurements are directly used and its Jacobian matrix derived from an implicit observation equation.An information fusion filter based on a sequential extended Kalman filter is developed for the orbit determination.Truth-model simulations are used to test the performance of the algorithm,and the effects of differencing intervals and orbital heights are analyzed.A semi-simulation study using actual gravity gradient data from the Gravity field and steady-state Ocean Circulation Explorer (GOCE) combined with simulated starlight refraction measurements is further conducted,and a three-dimensional position accuracy of better than 100 m is achieved.     

近圆低轨卫星星座相位保持方法

主要研究无轨道高度保持要求的近圆低轨卫星星座相位保持方法.首先根据轨道摄动理论，推导了考虑J2摄动和大气阻尼摄动的卫星相位漂移模型，分别给出基于固定基准星和基于虚拟基准星的相位偏差两种表达方法.在此基础上，按照星座各星轨道衰减一致和不一致两种情况，分别提出两种表示方法理论的和考虑实际控制误差的相位保持策略.通过一个walker星座仿真算例验证了两种方法的有效性.仿真结果显示，两种方法在各星轨道衰减一致和不一致两种情况均可有效完成相位维持任务，当各星轨道衰减一致时两种方法在控制次数和控制总量上无明显差异；在各星轨道衰减不一致情况下，基于固定基准星的相位保持策略更优.     

Feasibility analysis of LEO and GEO large space debris de/re-orbiting taking into account launch mass of spacecraft-collector and its configuration layout

Analysis of the efficiency of two basic strategies for de/re-orbiting large space debris objects to disposal orbits (DO) is given. Large objects in LEO are classified into groups with similar orbital inclinations and comprise primarily last stages of launch vehicles, in GEO vicinity the paper studies upper stages. Under the first de/re-orbiting variant, it is assumed a spacecraft-collector is equipped with several thruster de/re-orbiting kits (TDKs); one of them can be fixed on an object and is capable of de/re-orbiting an object to a DO independently of the collector. In the second variant, a collector operates as a space tug: transfers objects to a DO and then returns to the next objects in line. The authors study possible configuration layouts of collectors in LEO and near GEO. The available analogous projects are analyzed. The efficiency of both de/re-orbiting variants can be properly compared using the estimations of collector's dry mass and having at one's disposal the parameters of the maneuvers required for transfers between all objects in the group. As reasonable criteria of effectiveness, one can consider (separately or jointly) the launch mass of an equipped collector, its ΔV budget, and the required number of such active spacecraft. Two de/re-orbiting variants are compared in terms of these criteria via mass-energy diagrams constructed for each group of objects in both altitude regions. Analysis of these diagrams shows that low Earth orbits can be more efficiently cleaned under the first de-orbiting variant by using a two-stage space system consisting of an active spacecraft carrying TDKs. For GEO, it is expedient to choose the second re-orbiting variant using a single-stage spacecraft. Our analysis shows that LEO cleaning is an order of magnitude more expensive than that for GEO, hence the problem of LEO population should be given increased attention.     

一种模块化微小型卫星对接机构建模仿真

面向微小卫星在轨服务的连接分离技术的需求，针对一种模块化微小型卫星对接机构，分析其机构原理，推导了机构的运动方程，并利用MATLAB验证机构的运动学模型的正确性，结合仿真定量分析机构可能出现的干涉问题，给出了不干涉条件。为研制用于模块化微小型卫星的对接机构提供一种运动学建模和仿真分析的 思路 。     

高低轨双星时频差无源定位精度

高低轨卫星联合定位是提高地面辐射源无源定位精度的有效方法。从时差基线、速度差增加方面分析了高低轨双星定位精度相对同轨卫星定位精度高的原因,推导出高低轨双星时频差定位误差分布表达式,分析了高低轨联合定位适用的时频差测量方法及其测量精度。仿真分析结果表明:在低轨卫星星下点附近较大范围内,定位精度达到百米量级。验证了双星相对位置变化、时频差测量误差、高低轨卫星自身位置速度测量误差等因素对高低轨双星定位精度的影响。     

Exploration life support technology challenges for the Crew Exploration Vehicle and future human missions

As NASA implements the U.S. Space Exploration Policy, life support systems must be provided for an expanding sequence of exploration missions. NASA has implemented effective life support for Apollo, the Space Shuttle, and the International Space Station (ISS) and continues to develop advanced systems. This paper provides an overview of life support requirements, previously implemented systems, and new technologies being developed by the Exploration Life Support Project for the Orion Crew Exploration Vehicle (CEV) and Lunar Outpost and future Mars missions. The two contrasting practical approaches to providing space life support are (1) open loop direct supply of atmosphere, water, and food, and (2) physicochemical regeneration of air and water with direct supply of food. Open loop direct supply of air and water is cost effective for short missions, but recycling oxygen and water saves costly launch mass on longer missions. Because of the short CEV mission durations, the CEV life support system will be open loop as in Apollo and Space Shuttle. New life support technologies for CEV that address identified shortcomings of existing systems are discussed. Because both ISS and Lunar Outpost have a planned 10-year operational life, the Lunar Outpost life support system should be regenerative like that for ISS and it could utilize technologies similar to ISS. The Lunar Outpost life support system, however, should be extensively redesigned to reduce mass, power, and volume, to improve reliability and incorporate lessons learned, and to take advantage of technology advances over the last 20 years. The Lunar Outpost design could also take advantage of partial gravity and lunar resources.     

基于广义正则化最小二乘的天基测向初定轨

传统天基测向初定轨的不足,主要是由于观测数据存在系统误差和观测方程组的系数矩阵病态或不可逆。文章建立观测方程的半参数回归模型,提出基于补偿最小二乘估计和岭估计的广义正则化最小二乘估计,推导了估计公式,并证明了相关统计性质。引入选主列Givens-QR分解算法,提高观测方程求解效率和数值计算稳定性。仿真结果表明:该方法应用于天基测向初定轨可行,可以提高定轨精度和解算成功率。