Space law education in China: Status quo,shortcomings and possible ways out

Space law education has an essential role in the space capacity building of a country because of its importance for human resources development in space law. Comparisons between Canada and China, the European Union and China and the United States of America (USA) and China in space law degree education, course, teaching methodology, institute and practice and communication platform are provided in an attempt to review some issues which exist within the Chinese space law educational system and to seek a better choice for China’s space law education reform. Chinese space law education has achieved noticeable progress over the past two decades. However, it is still limited in comparison to its counterparts in Europe and Northern America. The range of the space law degree education programmes and space-law-related courses is comparatively limited. A gap remains between space law education and practice in China. Chinese space law classes are still dominated by the teacher-centred teaching methodology, although several universities have some new teaching practices. The establishment of seven space law-related research institutes plays an increasingly important role in Chinese space law education, space law and policy research and legal advisory services for the Chinese government and non-governmental sectors. However, these institutes still have a long way to go in comparison with their counterparts in Europe and Northern America. While China has established domestic research platforms for space law communication through international cooperation, it does not provide space law practice platforms for space law education. While international space law does not provide a direct legal foundation for space law education in China, Chinese educational laws can lay a profound legal foundation for Chinese space law education. To promote its national expertise and capacity in space law, based on the three-pillar model and the experiences of its counterparts in North America and Europe, China should adopt a systematic and sustainable regime for its space law education.     

大气探测激光雷达校飞样机研制与飞行验证

星载激光雷达是高精度测量全球温室气体和气溶胶垂直廓线的重要手段，大气环境监测卫星大气探测激光雷达(ACDL)在国际首次采用激光积分路径差分吸收技术测量全球CO2柱浓度，采用532 nm高光谱探测技术测量气溶胶和云的廓线。星载激光雷达载荷研制期间，同步研制一套主要功能一致的机载大气探测激光雷达校飞样机，并开展机载飞行试验，获取了大量飞行试验及其对比数据，提供了机载平台真实的数据源，对于优化ACDL激光雷达系统参数和研究星载数据反演算法至关重要。最后在机载飞行平台下，验证了优于1 ppm的CO2柱浓度测量精度和优于15%的气溶胶测量精度。未来利用该机载样机可以进一步开展星地对比验证。     

Hardware qualification for scientific ballooning missions

The European Stratospheric Balloon Observatory (ESBO) initiative aims at simplifying the access to stratospheric balloon missions. We plan to provide platforms and support with instrument design in order to support scientists. During the design process, the inevitable question of qualification for the harsh flight conditions arises. Unfortunately, there is no existing standard for qualification of stratospheric ballooning hardware. Thus, we developed a qualification procedure for use within ESBO and similar projects.In this paper, we present our analysis of the environmental conditions in the stratosphere. While conditions at typical balloon float altitudes are similar to the space environment, there are also some relevant differences. For example, the thermal environment is dominated by radiation and thermal conduction, but the remaining atmosphere still supports a certain amount of convection. The remaining atmospheric pressure in the stratosphere also leads to reduced arcing distances. Vibrational loads are far less than for space missions, but quasi-static or shock loads may occur. The criticality of radiation increases with mission duration.Based on the environmental conditions, we present the qualification procedures for ESBO, which are based on the European Cooperation for Space Standardization (ECSS) standards for space systems. Overtesting against too high requirements leads to overengineering, driving mission cost and mitigating the advantages of balloons over space missions. Therefore, we modified the ECSS standards to fit typical scientific ballooning missions over several days at altitudes up to 40 km. Furthermore, we analyzed design rules for space systems with regard to their relevance for scientific ballooning, including material and component selection. We present the experience from the hardware qualification process for the ESBO prototype STUDIO (Stratospheric UV Demonstrator of an Imaging Observatory). Even though boundary conditions are different for each individual mission, we aimed for a broader approach: We investigated more general requirements for scientific ballooning missions to support future flights.     

一种提高捷联惯性/里程计组合导航系统定位精度的后处理方法

测绘用捷联惯性/里程计组合导航系统多采用离线后处理技术.此类系统利用里程计位移微分获得的速度作为观测量,采用速度匹配,并通过待测路径中预置的Mark点校正航位推算的位置信息.本文建立了基于速度匹配的16维Kalman滤波模型,对全程采样数据进行正反向导航和滤波处理,以估计惯性器件和里程计的误差;在补偿相关误差后,再次进行正向导航和滤波解算,以获得更精确的姿态矩阵.随后,根据相邻两个Mark点之间的姿态信息进行航位推算,并更新里程计刻度系数、里程计与惯导间的姿态误差矩阵;若此Mark点间的位置误差过大,则重新进行航位推算以减小位置误差.结果表明,与传统正向滤波相比,采用该方法后系统的最大位置误差由1.72m降低到0.08m,定位精度提高了95％以上.     

大气环境监测卫星星载激光雷达二氧化碳遥感反演方法及精度验证

目前卫星被动遥感二氧化碳存在空间覆盖不足、时空分辨率不够、地球两极和夜间缺少数据等问题，对二氧化碳的源汇研究带来很大的不确定度，同时也制约着利用卫星遥感温室气体探究全球变化。2022年4月我国发射了全球首颗搭载主动激光雷达探测二氧化碳的卫星-大气环境卫星。其上搭载了的气溶胶和碳探测激光雷达(ACDL)，利用1 572 nm的两束激光，可以反演干空气中加权平均的二氧化碳柱浓度。初步与香河站(全球碳柱总量观测网)站点比对的平均偏差为0.48 ppm，Sodankyla(全球碳柱总量观测网)站点的比对的平均偏差为0.8 ppm，精度超过被动遥感卫星。     

Study on excitation force characteristics in a coupled shaker-structure system considering structure modes coupling

The interaction between an elastic structure and electrodynamic shakers commonly exists in Ground Flutter Simulation Tests(GFST) with multi-point excitations, causing a considerable discrepancy between the practical excitation forces and desired ones. To investigate the excitation force characteristics on a cantilever beam excited by a voltage-sourced electrodynamic shaker,the coupled shaker-beam system is modeled to derive the excitation force formula using Hamilton’s principle and Galerkin’s a...     

低前挡板型小尺寸刷式封严泄漏特性的试验

对间隙、过渡、过盈3种配合状态的低前挡板型小尺寸刷式封严的转子轴心轨迹和泄漏特性进行了实验研究.转子的轴心位移采用电涡流传感器进行测量，其测量结果表明:压差小于0.4MPa时，转子轴心位移随压差的增大略有减小；当压差达到0.4MPa后，其轴心位移范围不再随压差而变化；在不考虑磨损的情况下轴心位移对不同配合状态的封严泄漏特性基本没有影响.由此确保了封严试验台的安全性和有效性.在此基础上，试验研究了转子转速、上下游压差以及封严间隙对泄漏特性的影响.结果表明:泄漏系数随转速增加略有减小；间隙配合下有明显的滞后，过盈配合下滞后不明显；磨损对泄漏的影响在过盈配合下比较显著；间隙配合下压差在0.1～0.2MPa泄漏系数随压差的升高而增大，压差为0.3MPa时泄漏系数降低，0.3MPa以后泄漏系数变化趋于稳定；过盈配合下泄漏系数随压差的升高总体呈增大趋势，压差在0.3～0.5MPa时增大的趋势较小，泄漏系数较为稳定.