英国地产权制度对我国农地制度改革的启示

英国地产权制度的核心是虚化所有，保障占有和使用，从而保障个人财产权利，促进市场交易。我国在土地制度建设中应导入英国的观念和思维方式，把财产的动态利用作为规定各种具体制度的出发点和我国土地制度改革的方向，具体做法包括：（1）明确农地产权主体，永续土地承包权。可以将农地收归国有，而给予现有土地承包者永佃权，然后建立相应的配套制度来保证国有所有权的实现。（2）丰富农地产权内容，形成土地产权权利柬。可在我国农村社会保障体系等配套制度建立起来的情况下进一步充实转让、抵押等权利，最终形成一套灵活的、适合我国实际情况的土地产权权利柬。     

国际贸易中标准问题解决方略的研究

国际贸易中的标准问题是产生贸易壁垒的一个很重要的方面,世贸组织虽然为解决这一问题做出了一些规定,采取了一些措施,但是实际效果并不好,很多的成员国并没遵守有关的规则,兑现各自的承诺。而且随着世界经济区域集团化,各种区域性标准在对内起到保护作用的同时,对外则建起新的贸易保护障碍。解决国际贸易中的标准问题,应该从两方面着手,一是加强双边合作,二是加强多方位合作。双边合作是解决标准问题直接而有效的途径,随着贸易的全球化发展,标准统一化是最终的趋势。     

Astrophysics in 2006

The fastest pulsar and the slowest nova; the oldest galaxies and the youngest stars; the weirdest life forms and the commonest dwarfs; the highest energy particles and the lowest energy photons. These were some of the extremes of Astrophysics 2006. We attempt also to bring you updates on things of which there is currently only one (habitable planets, the Sun, and the Universe) and others of which there are always many, like meteors and molecules, black holes and binaries.     

错位与缺失

性权利是人类自然权利和社会权利的集合体,大学生拥有性权利是无可辩驳的事实。分析部分大学生漠视性隐私权、性教育权,只关注性自由权、性快乐权和自主选择权的原因,会发现其性价值观的错位和义务观的缺失是主要根源,加之媒体的不当报道也起到了推波助澜的作用。这样的现实要求我们必须加强大学生性权利的伦理教育以及性权利与性义务的对等教育。     

空投鱼雷蛇形搜索攻击有利提前角模型研究

提出了一种用等效扇面方法对蛇形搜索航行鱼雷攻击有利提前角的解算方法,并通过仿真对模型进行了修正。仿真结果表明,经修正后的鱼雷可达到最大命中概率。     

Emergence of a Habitable Planet

We address the first several hundred million years of Earth’s history. The Moon-forming impact left Earth enveloped in a hot silicate atmosphere that cooled and condensed over ∼1,000 yrs. As it cooled the Earth degassed its volatiles into the atmosphere. It took another ∼2 Myrs for the magma ocean to freeze at the surface. The cooling rate was determined by atmospheric thermal blanketing. Tidal heating by the new Moon was a major energy source to the magma ocean. After the mantle solidified geothermal heat became climatologically insignificant, which allowed the steam atmosphere to condense, and left behind a ∼100 bar, ∼500 K CO₂ atmosphere. Thereafter cooling was governed by how quickly CO₂ was removed from the atmosphere. If subduction were efficient this could have taken as little as 10 million years. In this case the faint young Sun suggests that a lifeless Earth should have been cold and its oceans white with ice. But if carbonate subduction were inefficient the CO₂ would have mostly stayed in the atmosphere, which would have kept the surface near ∼500 K for many tens of millions of years. Hydrous minerals are harder to subduct than carbonates and there is a good chance that the Hadean mantle was dry. Hadean heat flow was locally high enough to ensure that any ice cover would have been thin (<5 m) in places. Moreover hundreds or thousands of asteroid impacts would have been big enough to melt the ice triggering brief impact summers. We suggest that plate tectonics as it works now was inadequate to handle typical Hadean heat flows of 0.2–0.5 W/m². In its place we hypothesize a convecting mantle capped by a ∼100 km deep basaltic mush that was relatively permeable to heat flow. Recycling and distillation of hydrous basalts produced granitic rocks very early, which is consistent with preserved >4 Ga detrital zircons. If carbonates in oceanic crust subducted as quickly as they formed, Earth could have been habitable as early as 10–20 Myrs after the Moon-forming impact.     

企业经济效益综合评价与分级管理方法

本文针对财政部设计的企业经济效益评价指标体系，用多目标优化方法的思想对其进行优化处理，并且数理统计方法将各指标值折算成分数以符合人们的习惯；同时，用数理分析等方法将所得的评价序列进行分级归类管理。     

大型真空热试验中的摄像观察技术

为完成在大型真空热试验中对飞船表面及舷窗的摄像观察提出了实施方案,分析并解决了普通摄像设备在真空—低温下使用的关键的技术问题,满足了试验要求.     

大型空间模拟器真空测量的自动化

介绍了大型空间模拟器真空测量自动化的实施和特点,以及真空度的描述方法,对真空测量自动化的进一步发展提出了设想。     

液压油箱壳体大盲孔的光整加工技术

分析了液压油箱壳体大盲孔的加工难点，介绍了硬质阳极化后光整加工大盲孔的工艺方法及取得的技术经济效果。