An integrated graphic–taxonomic–associative approach to analyze human factors in aviation accidents

Human factors are critical causes of modern aviation accidents. However, existing accident analysis methods encounter limitations in addressing aviation human factors, especially in complex accident scenarios. The existing graphic approaches are effective for describing accident mechanisms within various categories of human factors, but cannot simultaneously describe inadequate human–aircraft–environment interactions and organizational deficiencies effectively, and highly depend on analysts' skills and experiences. Moreover, the existing methods do not emphasize latent unsafe factors outside accidents. This paper focuses on the above three limitations and proposes an integrated graphic–taxonomic–associative approach. A new graphic model named accident tree(AcciTree), with a two-mode structure and a reaction-based concept, is developed for accident modeling and safety defense identification. The AcciTree model is then integrated with the well-established human factors analysis and classification system(HFACS) to enhance both reliability of the graphic part and logicality of the taxonomic part for improving completeness of analysis. An associative hazard analysis technique is further put forward to extend analysis to factors outside accidents, to form extended safety requirements for proactive accident prevention. Two crash examples, a research flight demonstrator by our team and an industrial unmanned aircraft, illustrate that the integrated approach is effective for identifying more unsafe factors and safety requirements.     

基于四面体单元的三维裂纹自动化建模

三维裂纹前缘布置结构化网格是一项耗时且困难的工作。以二次四面体单元虚拟裂纹闭合法（VC‐CM）为基础,提出基于几何特征的三维裂纹建模方法,阐述应用四面体单元在ABAQUS上进行三维裂纹建模的实现细节;应用Python编程语言结合NumPy和SciPy开源科学计算库开发参数化三维裂纹分析程序包,实现三维裂纹问题分析的全流...     

商洛市“环城北路”在城市发展中的积极因素

结合商洛市城市道路规划方案,介绍拟建＂环城北路建设项目＂在特有的山区地形条件下,提出在路网规划、拉大城市框架、环境影响等方面对山区城市的建设和发展起到积极作用,进而对类似山区城市及周边县区城市化进程的加快提供有效的借鉴。     

考虑人及组织因素的航天工程项目风险分析模型

针对人及组织因素是造成航天工程项目风险的重要原因,在揭示了人及组织因素产生航天工程项目风险的机理基础上,构建了考虑人及组织因素的航天工程项目风险分析模型。模型首先评价人及组织因素对航天工程元器件建造工作质量的影响,接着测度工作质量与不同缺陷类型之间的一致性概率,并应用Poisson分布计算缺陷严重性,最后根据贝叶斯定理对元器件先验失效率进行修正,通过一个经过数据处理的航天工程项目对所构建的模型和方法进行了验证。     

U型桥台裂缝成因统计分析

文章通过调查大量的U型桥台的健康情况,分析病害形成原因.并以昌樟高速破江小桥为例,采用有限元软件模拟破江小桥U型桥台在运营荷载作用下的应力场和位移场,分析认为台背内土压力和桥上压力共同作用使U台墙内产生较大的拉应力导致混凝土U型桥台开裂.     

热防护材料表面催化特性研究进展

随着高超声速飞行器的发展,高焓离解环境下热防护材料所承受的气动热载荷在很大程度上受到材料表面催化特性的影响。根据高焓服役环境特征和热防护材料表面催化特性的发展现状,重点综述了材料表面催化反应机理和不同尺度的催化模型,分析、比较了催化特性地面测试与评价方法以及典型热防护材料表面催化特性的影响因素,简要总结了国内现阶段相关催化特性研究的初步成果,并在此基础之上提出了催化特性测试与表征方法的不足和后续研究的重点方向,为有效改进热防护材料表面催化特性试验测试技术、准确预测高超声速飞行器气动热环境,从而实现热防护系统的精细化设计提供指导。     

复杂载荷下偏心穿透裂纹应力强度因子的计算方法

提出了三维矩形平板内偏心穿透裂纹承受复杂非线性载荷下,仅含有3个系数的通用权函数。采用有限元法获得了三维矩形平板裂纹体模型下的3组参考应力强度因子,结合二元拉格朗日插值法获得了通用权函数系数。进行了自洽性验证以及裂纹面上承受简单3次、5次、7次、复杂幂函数应力分布和残余应力分布下通用权函数的验证。结果表明,通用权函数的自洽性误差在0.9%以内;裂纹面上承受复杂幂函数应力分布时,通用权函数法的误差在4.5%以内;裂纹面承受残余应力分布载荷时,通用权函数法的误差在8.5%以内。说明所提出的通用权函数具有较高的计算精度,可以满足工程中高效、准确地计算偏心穿透裂纹承受任意复杂非线性载荷下的应力强度因子需求。      

基于模拟退火的改进粒子群算法研究及应用

为加快粒子群算法效率,跳出局部最优陷阱,得到高精度最优解,文章提出了基于模拟退火的带收缩因子的粒子群混合算法(SACPSO)。首先,对混合优化算法进行了分析;然后,对混合算法进行函数数值仿真;最后,将SACPSO算法应用于PID参数整定问题。结果表明,改进粒子群算法的稳定性和搜索精度有了明显提高,收敛速度明显加快;在PID参数整定应用上,同传统方法相比,系统稳定,收敛性能好。     

Adaptive robust cubature Kalman filtering for satellite attitude estimation

This paper is concerned with the adaptive robust cubature Kalman filtering problem for the case that the dynamics model error and the measurement model error exist simultaneously in the satellite attitude estimation system. By using Hubel-based robust filtering methodology to correct the measurement covariance formulation of cubature Kalman filter, the proposed filtering algorithm could effectively suppress the measurement model error. To further enhance this effect and reduce the impact of the dynamics model error, two different adaptively robust filtering algorithms, one with the optimal adaptive factor based on the estimated covariance matrix of the predicted residuals and the other with multiple fading factors based on strong tracking algorithm, are developed and applied for the satellite attitude estimation. The quaternion is employed to represent the global attitude parameter, and three-dimensional generalized Rodrigues parameters are introduced to define the local attitude error. A multiplicative quaternion error is derived from the local attitude error to maintain quaternion normalization constraint in the filter. Simulation results indicate that the proposed novel algorithm could exhibit higher accuracy and faster convergence compared with the multiplicative extended Kalman filter, the unscented quaternion estimator, and the adaptive robust unscented Kalman filter.     

轴对称及二元喷管RCS的数值模拟

利用物理光学迭代法独立设计程序,采用前后向算法并结合欠松弛因子加速收敛,提高运算效率.通过计算简单标准模型的雷达散射截面(RCS)验证了程序的可靠性.在此基础上,对两种不同宽高比二元喷管简化模型及轴对称喷管简化模型的RCS进行了计算并加以分析比较.结果表明,程序具有较好的计算精度和通用性,在较大范围的姿态角内,二元喷管简化模型的RCS高于轴对称喷管简化模型的RCS.