Irregular Satellites in the Context of Planet Formation

All four giant planets in the solar system possess irregular satellites, characterized by large, highly eccentric and/or highly inclined orbits. These bodies were likely captured from heliocentric orbit, probably in association with planet formation itself. Enabled by the use of large-format digital imagers on ground-based telescopes, new observational work has dramatically increased the known populations of irregular satellites, with 74 discoveries in the last few years. A new perspective on the irregular satellite systems is beginning to emerge.We find that the number of irregular satellites measured to a given diameter is approximately constant from planet to planet. This is surprising, given the radically different formation scenarios envisioned for the gas giants Jupiter and Saturn compared to the (much less massive and compositionally distinct) ice giants Uranus and Neptune. We discuss the new results on the irregular satellites and show how these objects might be used to discriminate amongst models of giant planet formation.     

冰晶在涡扇发动机内相变换热特性

通过对低压压气机通道内气流参数的分析，结合冰晶的运动轨迹方程及相变传热传质方程的离散处理，计算分析了冰晶在涡扇发动机内涵通道内运动过程的粒子半径、冰晶温度、冰晶速度、冰水混合粒子中液态水质量分数、以及冰晶表面与低压压气机通道内气流的传热系数和传质系数沿压气机轴向距离的分布，得到了冰晶在低压压气机内涵通道内运动的轨迹及与叶片碰撞的特性。结果显示:20μm冰晶黏附位置处液态水质量分数为10.22%，而100μm冰晶在压气机出口处液态水质量分数仅为2.1%且不会在压气机内结冰。      

Remote Observations of the Composition of Cometary Volatiles

The volatile species released in the coma are an important clue to the composition of the cometary nucleus ices. Their identification and the measurement of their abundances is possible by remote sensing. Considerable progress has been made recently using radio and infrared spectroscopy, especially with the observations of the two exceptional comets C/1996 B2 (Hyakutake) and C/1995 O1 (Hale-Bopp).) 24 molecules likely to be parent molecules outgassed from the nucleus have now been identified. Significant upper limits exist for many other species, and the presence of unidentified lines suggests that further species are to be identified. In addition, isotopic varieties have been observed for hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen and sulphur. We will review these results with a special emphasis on the reliability of the identifications and of the molecular production rate determinations. A critical point is to assess whether a given species is a genuine parent molecule outgassed from nuclear ices, or is a secondary product coming from grains or from gas-phase photochemistry. Ground-based spectral imaging, such as radio interferometry, may help resolving this problem. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

结冰表面粗糙度预测与分析

通过对结冰表面液态水的受力分析,确定了水膜、水珠和细流特征粗糙度的大小及其之间的界限划分,发展和完善了结冰表面的粗糙度模型,开发了耦合该粗糙度模型的多步结冰计算程序;利用该程序计算结冰表面的粗糙度大小和分布特征,并对粗糙度影响下的流动和换热特性进行了计算分析;研究发现,结冰表面的粗糙度在分布是不均匀的,且随着结冰温度的降低,局部粗糙度的最大值降低,但在整个结冰过程中,局部粗糙度的最大值表现出增加的趋势;粗糙度的存在增强了结冰表面的对流换热。     

旋转整流罩积冰生长与脱落过程的实验

采用冰风洞模拟实验的方法对旋转整流罩表面的积冰过程进行了研究.积冰实验装置的主体部分位于冰风洞实验段内,驱动部分在外部,采用皮带传动.通过实验得到了旋转整流罩在典型结冰条件下的积冰生长特性:开始阶段积冰生长比较缓慢,沿旋转整流罩表面分布均匀,主要为透明的明冰;然后在明冰表面出现分布不连续的白色霜冰,其形状类似"羽毛"状,生长速度较快,最终旋转整流罩表面的"羽毛"状霜冰还发生了脱落现象.     

A spongy icing model for aircraft icing

Researches have indicated that impinging droplets can be entrapped as liquid in the ice matrix and the temperature of accreting ice surface is below the freezing point. When liquid entrapment by ice matrix happens, this kind of ice is called spongy ice. A new spongy icing model for the ice accretion problem on airfoil or aircraft has been developed to account for entrapped liquid within accreted ice and to improve the determination of the surface temperature when enter- ing clouds with supercooled droplets. Different with conventional icing model, this model identifies icing conditions in four regimes： rime, spongy without water film, spongy with water film and glaze. By using the Eulerian method based on two-phase flow theory, the impinging droplet flow was investigated numerically. The accuracy of the Eulerian method for computing the water collection efficiency was assessed, and icing shapes and surface temperature distributions predicted with this spongy icing model agree with experimental results well.     

翼型积冰的数值模拟

本文采用计算流体力学的方法对NACA0012翼型前沿的Rimeice积冰进行了预测。在流场计算中,用有限体积(FV)法对二维定常不可压粘流的时均N-S方程进行离散求解;采用四阶龙戈-库塔(RK)法求解水滴运动方程;假定水滴在与翼型相碰撞的点处完全凝结,并且冰沿着与当地翼型表面法向一致的方向增长,以此来预测积冰的形状。文中同时对迎角为4°时结冰翼型的气动特性进行了分析。     

某型飞机发动机短舱防冰系统设计计算

介绍了某型飞机发动机短舱防冰系统的结构形式和防冰原理,按照可利用热量应大于所需热量的原则,通过计算完全蒸发和湿状态下的热载荷,确定了发动机短舱防冰严酷状态及所需热流量.基于机翼水收集系数和数据相似原则,利用欧拉法两相流计算方法,确定了短舱防冰系统水收集系数.按照在湿状态下允许有一定结冰量存在的设计原则,根据发动机的吞冰能力,利用VSAERO/ICE工具对发动机短舱防冰系统进行了计算,计算结果表明,在严酷状态下,防冰系统能够满足允许结冰厚度要求.      

试验设计在对地观测卫星系统顶层设计中的应用研究

针对对地观测卫星系统顶层设计中存在的仿真耗时、设计空间大以及非线性约束的特点,在其优化的不同阶段构建了试验设计的应用框架：优化初期采用正交设计方法确定系统的关键性能参数,中期采用均匀设计或拉丁方设计生成仿真方案并依此进行数值仿真,后期通过稳健设计考虑系统的噪声因素,保证最终方案的鲁棒性。该框架可以缩小对地观测卫星系统的仿真规模、缩短仿真时间、提高优化效率,保证解的质量,最后通过一个实例对优化框架的效果进行了验证。     

浅析过冷大水滴规章对防冰系统设计的影响

阐述了FAA颁布过冷大水滴规章的背景,浅析了即将新增的FAR25.1420过冷大水滴结冰条件条款,以及其对机翼防冰系统和结冰探测系统设计的影响;相比14CFR附录C结冰条件,过冷大水滴结冰条件的水滴撞击区较大,更容易在结冰防护区后部形成严重的后溜冰,应增加上表面弦向防护区的范围;基于已有的结冰探测系统,在机翼上表面容易形成后溜冰的部位,装备能够齐平安装的结冰探测器作为补充,是一种有效探测过冷大水滴结冰条件的方式;浅析了FAR25附录O过冷大水滴结冰条件的分类;给出了修订后的25.1093（b）的防冰译文。